Blood cultures in ambulatory outpatients

BACKGROUND: Blood cultures are a gold standard specific test for diagnosing many infections. However, the low yield may limit their usefulness, particularly in low-risk populations. This study was conducted to assess the utility of blood cultures drawn from ambulatory outpatients. METHODS: Blood cultures drawn at community-based collection sites in the Calgary Health Region (population 1 million) in 2001 and 2002 were included in this study. These patients were analyzed by linkages to acute care health care databases for utilization of acute care facilities within 2 weeks of blood culture draw. RESULTS: 3102 sets of cultures were drawn from 1732 ambulatory outpatients (annual rate = 89.4 per 100,000 population). Significant isolates were identified from 73 (2.4%) sets of cultures from 51 patients, including Escherichia coli in 18 (35%) and seven (14%) each of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Compared to patients with negative cultures, those with positive cultures were older (mean 49.6 vs. 40.1 years, p < 0.01), and more likely to subsequently receive care at a regional emergency department, outpatient antibiotic clinic, or hospital (35/51 vs. 296/1681, p < 0.0001). Of the 331 (19%) patients who received acute care treatment, those with positive cultures presented sooner after community culture draw (median 2 vs. 3 days, p < 0.01) and had longer median treatment duration (6 vs. 2 days, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Blood cultures drawn in outpatient settings are uncommonly positive, but may define patients for increased intensity of therapy. Strategies to reduce utilization without excluding patients with positive cultures need to be developed for this patient population

Evento com aparente risco de morte: uma revisão Evento con aparente riesgo de muerte (alte): una revisión Apparent life-threatening event: a review

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão crítica reunindo informações disponíveis a respeito dos eventos com aparente risco de morte. FONTES DE DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica dos artigos (em português, inglês e espanhol) obtidos dos bancos de dados eletrônicos Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, utilizando as palavras-chave: eventos com aparente risco de morte, evento com aparente risco de vida infantil, lactente, apneia, monitorização e cianose. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Os eventos com aparente risco de mortesão súbitos e caracterizados por uma combinação de apneia, alteração na coloração da pele e tônus muscular, com inúmeras causas subjacentes. Sua incidência verdadeira é desconhecida e a faixa etária mais acometida é de 11 a 12 semanas. Não há correlação entre o evento com aparente risco de morte e a síndrome da morte súbita do lactente, embora já tenham sido consideradas manifestações da mesma doença. Muitas vezes, o lactente tem aparência saudável ao ser avaliado pelo pediatra após apresentar eventos com aparente risco de morte, porém, isso não afasta a possibilidade de existir uma doença grave associada ao evento, que deve ser investigada e tratada. Quando não são encontradas as causas, o evento é idiopático, geralmente com boa evolução. CONCLUSÕES: É necessário investigar os lactentes levados ao pronto-socorro após apresentarem eventos com aparente risco de morte, devido ao risco de sequelas e mortalidade. Não há uma padronização das condutas a serem realizadas diante de um lactente com aparência saudável que tenha evento com aparente risco de morte, mas recomenda-se que o paciente seja internado e a causa do evento, investigada. A observação e o monitoramento em ambiente hospitalar devem ocorrer no mínimo 24 horas após o evento.<br>OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión crítica, reuniendo las informaciones disponibles respecto a los Eventos con Aparente Riesgo de Muerte (ALTE - Apparent life-threatening event). FUENTES DE DATOS: Revisión bibliográfica de los artículos (en portugués, inglés y español) obtenidos de las bases de datos electrónicas MEDLINE, LILACS y SCIELO, utilizándose las palabras clave ALTE, evento con aparente riesgo de vida infantil, lactante, apnea, monitorización y cianosis. SÍNTESIS DE LOS DATOS: Los ALTE (apparent life-threatening event) son eventos súbitos y caracterizados por una combinación de apnea, alteración en la coloración de la piel y tono muscular, con innúmeras causas subyacentes. Su incidencia verdadera es desconocida y la franja de edad más acometida es de 11 a 12 semanas. No hay correlación entre ALTE y SIDS (Síndrome de la Muerte Súbita del Lactante), aunque ya hayan sido consideradas manifestaciones de la misma enfermedad. Muchas veces, el lactante tiene apariencia sana al ser evaluado por el pediatra después de presentar ALTE, pero eso no aleja la posibilidad de que exista una enfermedad grave asociada al evento, la cual se debe investigar y tratar. Cuando no se encuentran causas, el evento es idiopático, generalmente con buena evolución. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario investigar los lactantes llevados a la emergencia después de presentar ALTE, por riesgo de secuelas y de mortalidad. No hay una estandarización de las conductas a tomar frente a un lactante con apariencia sana que presentó ALTE, pero se recomienda que se interne el paciente y se investigue la causa del evento. La observación y monitoración en ambiente hospitalaria debe ocurrir por un mínimo de 24 horas después del evento.<br>OBJECTIVE: To perform a critical review by gathering all the available information about apparent life-threatening events. DATA SOURCES: Bibliographic review of the articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish from the electronic databases Medline, Lilacs and SciELO, using the key-words: apparent life-threatening events, apparent life-threatening event, infant, apnea, monitoring, and cyanosis. DATA SYNTHESIS: Apparent life-threatening events define sudden events with, a combination of apnea, color change, and marked change in the muscle tone, that have various underlying causes. The real incidence remains unknown, and it affects infants from 11 to 12 weeks of age. There is no association between apparent life-threatening events and sudden infant death syndrome. There are many possible causes for the events, and they must be investigated even in apparently healthy infants, because the presence of a severe underlying disease associated with the event is possible. If the cause of the apparent life-threatening events is found, it must be treated properly. If there is no explainable cause, the event is considered idiopathic and generally has a benign course. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to investigate all the infants taken to the pediatric emergency unit after experiencing an apparent life-threatening event, since there is the risk of morbidity caused by an underlying disease or the event itself, as well as subsequent mortality. Consensus guidelines about the investigation in apparently healthy infants who experienced apparent life-threatening events are not available. Most authors recommend that careful observation and hospital monitoring should be performed for at least for 24 hours after the event

Use of midazolam and ketamine as sedation for children undergoing minor operative procedures

Objectives: We used intravenous midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing minor operative procedures with satisfactory results. We aimed to further evaluate its efficacy and adverse effects in pediatric ward setting. Methods: This was a prospective study of all children undergoing minor operations with sedation in our pediatric general and oncology wards from July 1998 to June 1999. The procedures included lumber puncture±intrathecal chemotherapy, bone marrow aspiration±trephine biopsy, central venous catheter removal, skin biopsy, or their combination. All sedation procedures were started with midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine 1 mg/kg; they were increased gradually to 0.4 and 4 mg/kg, respectively, if necessary. Heart rate and SaO2 were continuously monitored. Results: Altogether, 369 minor operations were performed in 112 patients (male:female=2:1, median age 6 years, range 5 months-17 years). All achieved adequate sedation, with 96% within 30 s and 75% required just the starting dose. Younger children required a higher dosage (p=0.003 for midazolam, p<0.001 for ketamine). The median recovery time was 87 min, with no association with age, sex, or dosage of sedation, but was longer in patients having hallucination (p=0.001). Adverse effects included tachycardia (27.9%), increased secretion (17.6%), agitation (13.6%), nausea and vomiting (9.2%), hallucination (8.7%), desaturation (8.4%), and cataleptic reaction (0.8%). All desaturation episodes were transient and responded to oxygen supplement alone. None developed bronchospasm or convulsion. Some adverse effects were dose-related. Half of the children who received 0.3 mg/kg midazolam developed desaturation. Conclusions: Intravenous midazolam-ketamine can provide rapid, effective, and safe sedation for children undergoing minor operations in ward setting. Adverse effects are mild. Midazolam above 0.3 mg/kg should be used with caution. © Springer-Verlag 2005.link_to_subscribed_fulltex