79 research outputs found
Matrix theory origins of non-geometric fluxes
We explore the origins of non-geometric fluxes within the context of M theory
described as a matrix model. Building upon compactifications of Matrix theory
on non-commutative tori and twisted tori, we formulate the conditions which
describe compactifications with non-geometric fluxes. These turn out to be
related to certain deformations of tori with non-commutative and
non-associative structures on their phase space. Quantization of flux appears
as a natural consequence of the framework and leads to the resolution of
non-associativity at the level of the unitary operators. The quantum-mechanical
nature of the model bestows an important role on the phase space. In
particular, the geometric and non-geometric fluxes exchange their properties
when going from position space to momentum space thus providing a duality among
the two. Moreover, the operations which connect solutions with different fluxes
are described and their relation to T-duality is discussed. Finally, we provide
some insights on the effective gauge theories obtained from these matrix
compactifications.Comment: 1+31 pages, reference list update
Sex-biased parental care and sexual size dimorphism in a provisioning arthropod
The diverse selection pressures driving the evolution of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) have long been debated. While the balance between fecundity selection and sexual selection has received much attention, explanations based on sex-specific ecology have proven harder to test. In ectotherms, females are typically larger than males, and this is frequently thought to be because size constrains female fecundity more than it constrains male mating success. However, SSD could additionally reflect maternal care strategies. Under this hypothesis, females are relatively larger where reproduction requires greater maximum maternal effort â for example where mothers transport heavy provisions to nests.
To test this hypothesis we focussed on digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Ammophilini), a relatively homogeneous group in which only females provision offspring. In some species, a single large prey item, up to 10 times the motherâs weight, must be carried to each burrow on foot; other species provide many small prey, each flown individually to the nest.
We found more pronounced female-biased SSD in species where females carry single, heavy prey. More generally, SSD was negatively correlated with numbers of prey provided per offspring. Females provisioning multiple small items had longer wings and thoraxes, probably because smaller prey are carried in flight.
Despite much theorising, few empirical studies have tested how sex-biased parental care can affect SSD. Our study reveals that such costs can be associated with the evolution of dimorphism, and this should be investigated in other clades where parental care costs differ between sexes and species
WHO systematic review of maternal morbidity and mortality: the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (near miss)
AIM: To determine the prevalence of severe acute maternal morbidity (SAMM) worldwide (near miss). METHOD: Systematic review of all available data. The methodology followed a pre-defined protocol, an extensive search strategy of 10 electronic databases as well as other sources. Articles were evaluated according to specified inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using data extraction instrument which collects additional information on the quality of reporting including definitions and identification of cases. Data were entered into a specially constructed database and tabulated using SAS statistical management and analysis software. RESULTS: A total of 30 studies are included in the systematic review. Designs are mainly cross-sectional and 24 were conducted in hospital settings, mostly teaching hospitals. Fourteen studies report on a defined SAMM condition while the remainder use a response to an event such as admission to intensive care unit as a proxy for SAMM. Criteria for identification of cases vary widely across studies. Prevalences vary between 0.80% â 8.23% in studies that use disease-specific criteria while the range is 0.38% â 1.09% in the group that use organ-system based criteria and included unselected group of women. Rates are within the range of 0.01% and 2.99% in studies using management-based criteria. It is not possible to pool data together to provide summary estimates or comparisons between different settings due to variations in case-identification criteria. Nevertheless, there seems to be an inverse trend in prevalence with development status of a country. CONCLUSION: There is a clear need to set uniform criteria to classify patients as SAMM. This standardisation could be made for similar settings separately. An organ-system dysfunction/failure approach is the most epidemiologically sound as it is least open to bias, and thus could permit developing summary estimates
Effect of microwave disinfection on physical and mechanical properties of acrylic resins
Incidence and main causes of severe maternal morbidity in SĂŁo LuĂs, MaranhĂŁo, Brazil: a longitudinal study
A new method to determine the feto-placental volume based on dilution of fetal haemoglobin and an estimation of plasma fluid loss after intrauterine intravascular transfusion
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