Prevalence of subclinical mastitis and determination of risk factors in goats milked manually and mechanically, in herds of Comondú, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de mastitis subclínica mediante el conteo de células somáticas, el aislamiento de Staphylococcus spp. y los factores de riesgo asociados a la ordeña manual y mecanizada en cabras de Comondú, Baja California Sur, México, se evaluaron 12 granjas. Se tomaron 234 muestras de leche de 117 cabras, 90 con ordeña mecanizada y 144 con ordeña manual. La prevalencia de mastitis subclínica fue del 52% (IC del 95%: 44%–60%), siendo de 86% (IC del 95%: 78%–94%) en la ordeña manual y de 33% (IC del 95%: 19%–47%) en la mecanizada. Los grupos de patógenos más prevalentes fueron Staphylococcus coagulasa negativos (SCN) y Staphylococcus aureus. Las probabilidades de mastitis aumentan en cabras con ordeña manual, con falta de higiene en corrales y en las hembras mayores de cinco años (OR: 33.30).In order to determine the prevalence of subclinical mastitis, pathogens that cause it, and risk factors in manual and mechanical milking of goats in Comondú, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 12 farms were evaluated. A total of 234 milk samples were taken from 117 goats, 90 from mechanized milking and 144 from manual milking. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 52% (95% CI: 44%-60%), being 86% (95% CI: 78%-94%) in manual milking and 33% (95% CI: 19%–47%) in mechanized milking. The most prevalent groups of pathogens were coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Staphylococcus aureus. The chances of mastitis increase in goats milked manually, those with poor hygiene in pens, and those older than five years (OR: 33.30)

PREDICTION OF LIVE WEIGHT THROUGH MORPHOMETRIC VARIABLES IN GOATS FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO

Background. Regression models based on different morphometric measurements have been used as a practical, minimal cost and highly reliable method to predict live weight (LW) in goats; however, for the northwest region of Mexico there is no information available on the genetic and phenotypic variability of local goat populations, therefore, it is necessary to generate experiences on the efficiency of morphometric measurements to estimate LW in this area. Objective. To obtain the best equation for predicting live weight through variables and morphometric indices in goats from Baja California Sur. Methodology. Two assessments were carried out; the first one measured the height at the withers (AC), body length (LC), thoracic girth (PT) and LW of 403 Nubian crossbred goats. Morphometric measurements were analyzed by stepwise multiple regression and simple correlation coefficients were obtained; in the second, the efficiency of the best model (soft tape measure) was evaluated vs the weight obtained with a spring balance and the estimated by observation. Results. In the first assessment, it was observed that the three morphometric variables presented a positive, high and significant correlation (p < 0.001) with the PV, with the PT being the variable with the highest correlation value (r = 0.97), followed by the LC (r = 0.93) and AC (r = 0.91). The best PV prediction equation (R2 adjusted = 0.98) was the one that included PT. The inclusion of the three morphometric variables in the model only improved the coefficient of determination by 1 % (R2 adjusted = 0.99). The efficiency of the estimated weight with a soft tape measure vs a spring balance was similar (p < 0.05). Implications: Results indicate that the developed equation can accurately estimate goats PV when a spring balance is not available. Conclusion. Under the conditions of this study, the best model that predicted the PV was the one that included PT, which means saving time, money, and simplicity

PREDICTION OF LIVE WEIGHT BY MORPHOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS IN FEMALES AND MALES OF CRIOLLO SHEEP OF THE OAXACAN MIXTECA, MEXICO

Background. The live weight (LW) and morphometric variables of sheep are useful characteristics to generate adequate criteria for genetic improvement and conservation of Creole animal resources. Objective. To establish morphological relationships and through them predict LW of females and males in Creole sheep of the Oaxacan Mixteca, Mexico. Methodology. LW, thoracic perimeter (TP), height at withers (HW), back length (BL), cane perimeter (CP), head length (HL), neck length (NL), abdominal perimeter (AP) and rump width (RW) were recorded in 720 Creole sheep in 24 production units, measured in animals of both sexes. First, they were analyzed using general linear model procedures to determine the effect of sex on the variables of interest, and then, they were analyzed using discriminant analysis. Simple correlations between morphometric variables were calculated and step-by-step multiple linear regression equations were generated to predict LW. Results. Differences were found between sexes for LW and morphometric measures, which were correlated (p ≤ 0.05). The variables TP, AP and BL had the highest correlations (0.92, 0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and the variables CP, NL and RW, the lowest (0.75, 0.82 and 0.83, respectively). The statistical models explained a large proportion of the total variability (R2 from 85 to 91 %). According to sex, males had R2 (0.90 to 0.94) higher than females (0.83 to 0.89). In both cases TP and HW were the most important characteristics for predicting LW. Conclusions. Under the conditions of this work, the model that included TP and HW was the one that best predicted the LW of the Creole sheep of the Oaxacan Mixteca. It is recommended to use different equations for each sex and training of sheep producers in the use of those equations

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:53:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U. S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN. Copyright (C) 2014 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.[Rosenthal, Victor Daniel] Int Nosocomial Infect Control Consortium, Corrientes Ave 4580,Fl 12,Apt D, RA-1195 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina[Maki, Dennis George] Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA[Mehta, Yatin] Medanta Medicity, New Delhi, India[Leblebicioglu, Hakan] Ondokuz Mayis Univ, Samsun, Turkey[Memish, Ziad Ahmed] Minist Hlth, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[Al-Mousa, Haifaa Hassan] Minist Hlth, Kuwait, Kuwait[Balkhy, Hanan] King Saud Bin Abdulaziz Univ Hlth Sci, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia[Hu, Bijie] Fudan Univ, Zhongshan Hosp, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China[Alvarez-Moreno, Carlos] Univ Nacl Colombia, Clin Univ Colombia, Bogota, Colombia[Medeiros, Eduardo Alexandrino] Hosp Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Apisarnthanarak, Anucha] Thammasat Univ Hosp, Pathum Thani, Thailand[Raka, Lul] Prishtina Univ, Kosova & Med Sch, Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Prishtina, Kosovo, Serbia[Cuellar, Luis E.] Inst Nacl Enfermedades Neoplas, Lima, Peru[Ahmed, Altaf] Indus Hosp, Karachi, Pakistan[Navoa-Ng, Josephine Anne] St Lukes Med Ctr, Manila, Philippines[El-Kholy, Amani Ali] Cairo Univ Abu El Reesh, Children Hosp, Cairo, Egypt[Kanj, Souha Sami] Amer Univ, Beirut Med Ctr, Beirut, Lebanon[Bat-Erdene, Ider] Cent State Hosp 1, Ulaanbaatar, Mongol Peo Rep[Duszynska, Wieslawa] Wroclaw Univ Hosp, Wroclaw, Poland[Nguyen Van Truong] Hung Vuong Hosp, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[Pazmino, Leonardo N.] Hosp Valles, Hosp Eugenio Espejo, Quito, Ecuador[See-Lum, Lucy Chai] Univ Malaya, Med Ctr, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia[Fernandez-Hidalgo, Rosalia] Hosp Clin Bibl, San Jose, Costa Rica[Di-Silvestre, Gabriela] Hosp Clin Caracas, Caracas, Venezuela[Zand, Farid] Shiraz Univ Med Sci, Nemazee Hosp, Shiraz, Iran[Hlinkova, Sona] Catholic Univ Ruzomberok, Cent Mil Hosp Ruzomberok, Fac Hlth, Ruzomberok, Slovakia[Belskiy, Vladislav] Privolzhskiy Dist Med Ctr, Nizhnii Novgorod, Russia[Al-Rahma, Hussain] Dubai Hosp, Dubai, U Arab Emirates[Tulio Luque-Torres, Marco] Hosp Especialidades Ctr Med La Raza, Inst Hondureho Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, Honduras[Bayraktar, Nesil] Burhan Nalbantoglu Devlet Hastanesi, Nicosia, Cyprus[Mitrev, Zan] Special Hosp Surg Dis Filip Vtori, Skopje, Macedonia[Gurskis, Vaidotas] Hosp Lithuanian Univ, Hlth Sci Kauno Klin, Kaunas, Lithuania[Fisher, Dale] Natl Univ Singapore Hosp, Singapore, Singapore[Abu-Khader, Ilham Bulos] Jordan Univ Hosp, Amman, Jordan[Berechid, Kamal] Ibn Sina, Rabat, Morocco[Rodriguez-Sanchez, Arnaldo] Hosp Episcopal San Lucas Guayama, Guayama, Puerto Rico[Horhat, Florin George] Univ Med & Farm Timisoara, Clin Cty Hosp, Timisoara, Romania[Requejo-Pino, Osiel] Hosp Univ Gral Calixto Garc, Havana, Cuba[Hadjieva, Nassya] Univ Hosp Queen Giovanna ISUL, Sofia, Bulgaria[Ben-Jaballah, Nejla] Hop Enfants, Tunis, Tunisia[Garcia-Mayorca, Elias] Hosp Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama[Kushner-Davalos, Luis] Caja Salud Banca Privada Reg Paz, La Paz, Bolivia[Pasic, Srdjan] Inst Mother Child Hlth Care Vukan Cupic, Belgrade, Serbia[Pedrozo-Ortiz, Luis E.] Hosp Reg Salto, Salto, Uruguay[Apostolopoulou, Eleni] Sotiria, Athens, Greece[Mejia, Nepomuceno] Hosp Gen Plaza Salud, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep[Gamar-Elanbya, May Osman] Royal Care Int Hosp, Khartoum, Sudan[Jayatilleke, Kushlani] Sri Jayewardenepura Gen Hosp, Khartoum, Sudan[de Lourdes-Duenas, Miriam] Hosp Nacl Ninos Benjamin Bloom, San Salvador, El Salvador[Aguirre-Avalos, Guadalupe] Hosp Civil Guadalajara Fray Antonio Alcalde, Unidad Terapia Intens Adultos, Guadalajara, Mexico[Marcelo Maurizi, Diego; Montanini, Adriana; Laura Spadaro, Maria] Hosp Municipal Agudos Dr Leonidas Lucero, Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina[Santiago Marcos, Lorenzo; Botta, Priscila; Maria Jerez, Florencia; Constanza Chavez, Maria; Ramasco, Lucia; Isabel Colqui, Maria; Silvia Olivieri, Maria; Silvia Rearte, Ana; Edith Correa, Gladys; Deolinda Juarez, Paola; Fabiana Gallardo, Paola; Patricia Brito, Miriam; Horacio Mendez, Gabriel; Rosa Valdez, Julia; Paola Cardena, Lorena] Hosp Nino Jesus de Tucuman, San Miguel De Tucuman, Argentina[Maria Harystoy, Jose; Jorge Chaparro, Gustavo] Inst Med Platense, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina[Gabriela Rodriguez, Claudia; Toomey, Rodolfo] Inst Med Adrogue, Almirante Brown, Argentina[Caridi, Maria] Centro Gallego Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina[Viegas, Monica] Hosp Interzonal Gen Agudos Presidente Peron, Avellaneda, Argentina[Liliana Bernan, Marisa] Hgza San Roque Gonnet, La Plata, Argentina[Romani, Adriana] Clin Modelo Imagmed Soc Anonima, Lanus, Argentina[Beatriz Dominguez, Claudia] Obra Social Empleados Publ Sanatorio Fleming, Mendoza, Argentina[Kushner Davalos, Luis] Caja Salud Banca Privada Reg, La Paz, Bolivia[Richtmann, Rosana; Silva, Camila Almeida; Rodrigues, Tatiane T.] Hosp Maternidade Santa Joana, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Mielle Filho, Amaury; Seerig Palme, Ernandi Dagoberto; Besen, Aline; Lazzarini, Caroline; Cardoso, Caroline Batista] Hosp Santa Catarina, Blumenau, Brazil[Azevedo, Francisco Kennedy; Fontes Pinheiro, Ana Paula; Camacho, Aparecida] Hosp Jardim Cuiaba, Cuiaba, Brazil[De Carvalho, Braulio Matias; Monteiro De Assis, Maria Jose; Vasconcelos Carneiro, Ana Paula; Maciel Canuto, Maria Lilian; Pinto Coelho, Keyla Harten; Moreira, Tamiris; Oliveira, Agamenon Alves; Sousa Colares, Marcela Maria; De Paula Bessa, Marcia Maria; Pinheiro Gomes Bandeira, Tereza De Jesus; De Moraes, Renata Amaral; Campos, Danilo Amancio; Lima De Barros Araujo, Tania Mara] Hosp Messejana, Fortaleza, Brazil[Freitas Tenorio, Maria Tereza; Amorim, Simone; Amaral, Manuela; Lima, Julianne Da Luz; Da Silva Neta, Lindalva Pino; Batista, Caphiane; De Lima Silva, Fabio Jorge; Ferreira De Souza, Maria C.; Guimaraes, Katia Arruda] Santa Casa Misericordia Maceio, Maceio, Brazil[Maluf Lopes, Julia Marcia] Hosp Infantil Joao Paulo 2 Fhemig, Belo Horizonte, Brazil[Nogueira Napoles, Karina M.; Silva Neto Avelar, Lorena Luiza; Vieira, Lilian Aguiar] Santo Ivo, Belo Horizonte, Brazil[De Oliveira Cardo, Luis Gustavo] Hosp Clin Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil[Takeda, Christianne F. V.; Ponte, Glaydson A.; Aguiar Leitao, Fco Eduardo] Hosp Antonio Prudente, Fortaleza, Brazil[Kuchenbecker, Ricardo De Souza; Dos Santos, Rodrigo Pires] Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil[Onzi Siliprandi, Erci Maria] Inst Cardiologia Rio Grande Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil[Baqueiro Freitas, Luiz Fernando] Hosp Santa Lydia, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil[Martins, Ianick Souto] Hosp Canc Inst Nacl Canc, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil[Casi, Daiane] Hosp Samaritano, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Maretti Da Silva, Maria Angela; Blecher, Sergio; Villins, Margarete; Salomao, Reinaldo] Hosp Santa Marcelina, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Oliveira Castro, Solange Regina; Da Silva Escudero, Daniela V.; Oliveira Reis, Mariana Andrade] Hosp Sao Paulo Escola Paulista Medicina Unifesp, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Mendonca, Marcelo; Furlan, Valter; do Amaral Baruzzi, Antonio Claudio] Totalcor, Sao Paulo, Brazil[Sanchez, Tarquino Eristidesg] Hosp Anchieta Ltda, Taguatinga, Brazil[Moreira, Marina] Hosp Universidade de Taubaté (Unitau)[de Freitas, Wania Vasconcelos; de Souza, Leonardo Passos] Hosp Casa Portugal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[Velinova, Velmira Angelova; Hadjieva, Nassya; Petrov, Michael M.; Karadimov, Dimitar Georgiev; Kostadinov, Emil D.; Dicheva, Violeta Jivkova] Queen Giovanna Isul, Sofia, Bulgaria[Wang, Chaohua; Guo, Xiuqin; Geng, Xihua; Wang, Shufang; Zhang, Jinzhi; Zhu, Ling; Zhuo, Shufang; Guo, Chunli] Dong E Peoples Hosp, Liaocheng Shi, Shandong, Peoples R China[Tao, Lili] First Hosp Shanxi Med Univ, Taiyuan, Peoples R China[Li, Ruisheng] Beijing Chao Yang Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R Chin

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field