Maculopapular skin rash due to amoxicillin tri-hydrate hypersensitivity reaction: a case report

Amoxicillin tri-hydrate (AMT) is a commonly used penicillin group of antibacterial agent to combat various bacterial infections. Penicillin group of drugs are known to cause cutaneous drug eruptions as a hypersensitivity reaction. Most of the time, these eruptions are mild in nature, however, sometimes they represent the early manifestation of rare and severe drug-induced cutaneous reactions, such as; Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Here, we report a case of maculopapular skin rash developed due to AMT hypersensitivity reaction in a 48-year-old Indian male patient. Pheniramine maleate, hydrocortisone and skin protecting lotion were prescribed to manage the situation. This case is being reported to emphasize the need for reporting of drug induced complications and their management procedures

ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL PRINCIPLE FROM AVICENNIA MARINA L IN METHANOL

Objective: The antibacterial principle of Avicennia marina L stem extract was determined by agar well diffusion method followed by GC-MS,1H NMR and 13C NMR.Methods: Methanol was used as the solvent for the isolation of bioactive principle from the stem of Avicennia marina L. Agar well diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity and FRAP method was employed to determine the antioxidant activity for raw and crude extract as well as the purified compound. GC-MS followed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to elucidate the compound responsible for the antibacterial and antioxidant activity.Results: The degree of antioxidant and antibacterial activity differs between raw extract, crude extract and the pure compound. The antioxidant activity is more crude extract (p<0.05) and the antibacterial activity is more of pure compound (p<0.05) than the standard antibiotic gentamicin. GC-MS followed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR revealed that the compound is 2-propenoicacid, 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)- also called ferulic acid.Conclusion: The stem extract in methanol shows potential antibacterial and antioxidant activity. It is due to presence of ferulic acid in methanol extract in 14th fraction.Â

QUANTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF FRUIT EXTRACT OF AVICENNIA OFFICINALIS

Avicennia officinalis (AO) is an evergreen mangrove tree that finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we have quantified 2 significant phytochemicals viz., phenols and flavonoids and studied the antibacterial activity of extracts of AO fruits in ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and ethanol against 8 pathogenic bacterial species E. coli, En. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, L. delbrueckii,  S. aureus and  Strep. pyogens. Phenols and flavonoids were quantified Spectrophotometrically. Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 125-350mg of GAE/g of crude extract and the flavonoid levels were in the range of 60-192 mg of rutin equivalent/g of dry sample. The methanol and ethanol extracts showed highest levels of TPC, while acetone extract was identified to contain comparatively elevated amounts of flavonoids. Antibacterial activity of all the extracts was screened against the selected strains by agar well diffusion method. All the extracts exhibited different degrees of inhibition against the bacterial strains tested.  Their MIC values ranged between 1.25-5.0mg/100µl. Methanol and Ethanol extracts showed strong inhibitory activities against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial strains compared to those of other extracts. However, ethyl acetate infusion restricted its activity only against the Gram positive bacterial strains tested. Strains of E. coli, En. aerogenes (Gram negative) S. aureus and  Strep. pyogens (Gram positive) were inhibited by acetone extract. This study provides the necessary data for isolation and characterization of individual broad spectrum antibacterial compounds from different extracts of AO fruits. The study also supports the potentiality of AO in folk medicine.   Keywords:  Avicennia officinalis, Phenols, Flavonoids, Antibacteria

PROPHYLACTIC AND CURATIVE EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BASSIA MALABARICA BARK AGAINST CISPLATIN INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the prophylactic and curative effect of ethanolic extract of Bassia malabarica bark (EBBM)against cisplatin (7 mg/Kg single dose i. p) induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats of Wistar strain.Materials and Methods: After the treatment schedule for 15 days, the extent of nephrotoxicity was quantified using serum samples and isolatedkidneys. Serum samples were used to assess levels of protein, creatinine, urea, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The isolated kidneys wereused to assess antioxidants such as lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT).Results: No mortality was observed in acute toxicity studies conducted as per organization for economic co-operation and development guidelines423 and was found to be safe with no gross behavioral changes up to 2000 mg/Kg body weight (bwt). On administration of cisplatin there was a risein weight of the kidney, creatinine, urea, uric acid, BUN, LPO and a decrease in bwt, urine volume, total protein, GSH and CAT indicating the role ofoxidants to induce nephrotoxicity.Conclusion: Prophylactic and curative groups were found to ameliorate the cisplatin induced alterations in the kidney in a dose-dependent manner.Keywords: Antioxidants, Bassia malabarica, Cisplatin, Nephrocurative, Nephroprotectiv

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF OSMOTIC CONTROLLED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS FOR LOSARTAN POTASSIUM

Osmotically controlled oral drug delivery systems utilize osmotic pressure as energy source for the controlled delivery of drugs, independent of pH and hydrodynamic conditions of gastro intestinal tract (GIT). The present study was aimed to develop osmotic controlled extended release formulations of Losartan potassium an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with anti- hypertensive activity. Losartan potassium matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression process using HPMC K 15M as polymeric material and mannitol as osmogen at varied concentrations. The matrix tablets were further coated with different compositions of ethylcellulose7cps and PEG-4000 by pan coating method. Physical parameters such as weight uniformity, drug content, hardness and friability were evaluated for uncoated tablets and were found to be within I.P limits. The coating thickness and percentage of coating applied for various tablets were also evaluated. The optimized coated tablets were further subjected to micro drilling on the upper face to get 0.5µm orifice diameter. All the tablets were further subjected to dissolution studies by using USP apparatus II with distilled water as medium. These studies indicated that all the tablets were found to release the drug up to 12 hours, while coated tablets with orifice found to release the drug at zero order rate, which was in good agreement with peppas n values >0.9