Collaboration in pharmaceutical research: Exploration of country-level determinants.

In this paper we focus on proximity as one of the main determinants of international collaboration in pharmaceutical research. We use various count data specifications of the gravity model to estimate the intensity of collaboration between pairs of countries as explained by the geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and cultural dimensions of proximity. Our results suggest that geographical distance has a significant negative relation to the collaboration intensity between countries. The amount of previous collaborations, as a proxy for social proximity, is positively related to the number of cross-country collaborations. We do not find robust significant associations between cognitive proximity or institutional proximity with the intensity of international research collaboration. Moreover, there is no robust and significant relation between the interaction terms of geographical distance with social, cognitive, or institutional proximity, and international research collaboration. Our findings for cultural proximity do not allow of unambiguous conclusions concerning their influence on the collaboration intensity between countries. Linguistic ties among countries are associated with a higher amount of cross-country research collaboration but we find no clear association for historical and colonial linkages.International Cooperation, Pharmaceuticals, Proximity

International Research Networks in Pharmaceuticals: Structure and Dynamics

Knowledge production and scientific research have become increasingly more collaborative and international, particularly in pharmaceuticals. We analyze international research networks on the country level in different disease groups. Our empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset of scientific publications related to pharmaceutical research. Using social network analysis, we find that both the number of countries and their connectivity increase in almost all disease groups. The cores of the networks consist of high income OECD countries and remain rather stable over time. We use network regression techniques in order to analyze the dynamics of the networks. Our results indicate that an accumulative advantage based on preferential attachment and point connectivity as a proxy for multi-connectivity are positively related to changes in the countries' collaboration intensity.International Cooperation, Pharmaceuticals, Research Networks, Network Dynamics, MRQAP

Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin, April 1955

Alumnae Notes Annual Giving Committee Reports Digest of Alumnae Meetings Graduation Awards - 1954 Legal Aspects of Nursing Marriages Necrology New Arrivals Physical Advances at Jefferson President\u27s Message School of Nursing Report The Challenge of Neurosurgical Nursin

Partnership in Pensions? Responses to the Pensions Green Paper

The government's pensions Green Paper 'a new contract for welfare: partnership in pensions' proposes fundamental changes to the UK's retirement income system. Members of CASE and the Department of Social Policy at LSE have looked at the likely implications of the reforms for pensioner poverty, income security in old age, economic growth, the National Insurance system, tax reliefs, and women. Agulnik's analysis of redistributive effects of the State Second Pension (SSP) shows that it will result in much better benefits for low earners than would have been the case under SERPS. However, financing this improved provision through National Insurance contributions will mean that the burden of paying for the new scheme will be heaviest for those close to the upper earnings limit. Barr questions the macro-economic advantages of increasing the amount of funded pension provision via Stakeholder pensions. He finds there is no particular reason to favour the proposed balance of 60% private pension provision to 40% public provision over some other ratio. He also finds that Stakeholder pensions will not offer contributors complete income security in retirement due to uncertainties about investment returns, annuity rates and future inflation. Falkingham and Rake argue that the Government's proposals have failed to incorporate fully the needs of women. Women will be underrepresented amongst Stakeholder pensioners, and the exclusion of very low earners and carers with children over 5 from eligibility for the SSP will adversely affect women. Agulnik then looks at the proposed tax relief rules for Stakeholder pensions. While there are good reasons for the proposed £3,600 limit to tax relief on contributions, the retention of the existing rules for personal and occupational schemes is anomalous.new contract for welfare, partnership in pensions, UK retirement income system

Using a Prediction Model in Forecasting Appeals

Following the 1972 reorganization of the Indiana Court of Appeals into three panels serving defined geographical districts, the Court soon found itself floundering with too many unevenly distributed cases. Lacking a sufficient base of statistical data from which to formulate a plan to cope with the problem, various proposals, including redistricting the court, adding more judges, and developing a more sophisticated staff research, could not be measured for effectiveness or advisability. In response to these problems, the Court developed a project to deal with the future caseload by constructing a regression model to predict appeals. This model generated estimates of the number of criminal and civil appeals to be filed during 1979, 1980, and 1981 from each county in the state. From these caseload predictions, inferences were drawn regarding the merit of several of the proposed changes. The model has made planning and evaluation for the future a viable function. Moreover, the potential need for more judges can now be statistically justified

Using a Prediction Model in Forecasting Appeals

Following the 1972 reorganization of the Indiana Court of Appeals into three panels serving defined geographical districts, the Court soon found itself floundering with too many unevenly distributed cases. Lacking a sufficient base of statistical data from which to formulate a plan to cope with the problem, various proposals, including redistricting the court, adding more judges, and developing a more sophisticated staff research, could not be measured for effectiveness or advisability. In response to these problems, the Court developed a project to deal with the future caseload by constructing a regression model to predict appeals. This model generated estimates of the number of criminal and civil appeals to be filed during 1979, 1980, and 1981 from each county in the state. From these caseload predictions, inferences were drawn regarding the merit of several of the proposed changes. The model has made planning and evaluation for the future a viable function. Moreover, the potential need for more judges can now be statistically justified