ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF MARINE MICROALGAE CHLORELLA SP. _PR1 FOR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY

Objective: The objective of the present study includes isolation, characterization and screening of anticancerous activity against B16F10 cell line using isolated marine microalgae Chlorella sp._PR1. Methods: In this study, marine microalgae Chlorella sp._PR1 isolated and cultured using f/2 medium and anticancerous activity was assayed using MTT assay. Results: The DMSO extract of Chlorella sp._PR1 was exhibit anticancerous activity against murine melanoma B16F10 cell line. The extract exhibit reduction of cell viability up to 56% with 2µg/ml concentration. IC50 were calculated and was found that Chlorella sp._PR1 need 5.5 μg/ml of the compounds to reduce the murine melanoma B16F10 cell viability by 50%. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis revealed that Chlorella sp._PR1 extract (8 µg/ml) brought significant inhibition (p<0.01) of the G0-G1 and the S phase. The extract did not seem to affect the G2-M phase. Conclusion: DMSO extract of Chlorella sp._PR1 (5.5 µg/ml) was found to be potent against murine melanoma B16F10 cell line

In silico characterization of bacterial chitinase : illuminating its relationship with archaeal and eukaryotic cousins

BackgroundChitin is one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth, only trailing second after cellulose. The enzyme chitinase is responsible for the degradation of chitin. Chitinases are found to be produced by wide range of organisms ranging from archaea to higher plants. Though chitin is a major component of fungal cell walls and invertebrate exoskeletons, bacterial chitinase can be industrially generated at low cost, in facile downstream processes at high production rate. Microbial chitinases are more stable, active, and economically practicable compared to the plant- and animal-derived enzymes.ResultsIn the present study, computationally obtained results showed functional characteristics of chitinase with particular emphasis on bacterial chitinase which is fulfilling all the required qualities needed for commercial production. Sixty-two chitinase sequences from four different groups of organisms were collected from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Considering one suitable exemplary sequence from each group is being compared with others. Primary, secondary, and tertiary structures are determined by in silico models. Different physical parameters, viz., pI, molecular weight, instability index, aliphatic index, GRAVY, and presence of functional motifs, are determined, and a phylogenetic tree has been constructed to elucidate relationships with other groups of organisms.ConclusionsThis study provides novel insights into distribution of chitinase among four groups and their characterization. The results represent valuable information toward bacterial chitinase in terms of the catalytic properties and structural features, can be exploited to produce a range of chitin-derived products.Peer reviewe

Plant-microbe community dynamics in rhizosphere: Reviewing the grassroots ecology towards sustainable agriculture

The interaction between microbes and plants in rhizospheric environment is evident regarding sustainable development in agriculture. Microbes are involved in various metabolic activities in plant systems, which in turn help in plant health improvement. Eventually, plant-microbe interactions are connected with biogeochemical cycles. In this context, metagenomic study helps us to survey the microbial diversity in their natural niches, especially in rhizospheric regions. Noticeably, a diverse group of bacteria, fungi, and archaea are likely to be involved in plant growth promoting (PGP) activities. Variation in microbial communities in the rhizosphere depends on various parameters, such as soil organic matter, plant genotype, plant exudates, crop rotation, soil pH, nutrient cycling, etc. Some abiotic factors and chemical fertilizers have negative impact on crop productivity, influencing sustainable development of environment. Despite having negative impacts from climate change, microbes cope with this altered scenario and try to adjust themselves successfully and consequently promote plant growth by nutrient acquisition and stress tolerance approaches. Therefore, climate change has appeared as a big threat to the agricultural sector in recent past and this might be persistent in near future. However, the conservation of microbial diversity in the rhizospheric regions appears as one of the most promising options for long-term environmental sustainability

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">In silico</i> analysis of the structure and interaction of COP1 protein of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Arabidopsis thaliana</i>

343-349Previous studies have shown that COP1 (constitutive photomorphogenic 1) protein of Arabidopsis thaliana plays a crucial role in different aspects of photomorphogenesis. Interaction of COP1 with SPA1 (suppressor of phytochrome A) and other regulatory proteins actively affect light regulatory gene expression in diverse directions. Though several studies have explained the function of COP1 protein, method of its interaction with SPA1 and cryptochromes are still not explained in detail. In this study, in silico analysis was followed to predict the tertiary structure, active site residues, functionally important regions and regular expressions of COP1 protein. Its ease of its interaction with SPA1 and seven other regulatory proteins, namely bZIP transcription factor 56 (HY5), transcription factor HY5-like (HYH), serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 7 (AtPP7), protein long hypocotyl in FAR-RED 1 (HFR1), OBP3-responsive protein 1 (OBP3), transcription factor MYC2 (MYC2/ZBF1) and Z-box binding factor 2 protein (GBF1/ZBF2) was measured using protein-protein docking. Interaction with MYC2 was found to be stronger than with others with a global energy value of -22.46. It was also found that COP1 shared three regions of regular expression with SPA1, the last expression also being present in MYC2/ZBF1 and OBP3. Taken together, the insight into structural and functional properties of COP1 protein presented in this study would be helpful in determining the role of COP1 in unknown mechanisms of photomorphogenesis

A bioinformatics approach towards sequence analysis for revealing dark matters

52-57The biotechnological approach of introducing C4 plant genes into the C3 plants showed unpredicted behaviour in transgenic C3 plants. It was revealed that some noncoding parts of genome had a very important role in the complete functional gene expression. It was also found that these parts were evolutionary conserved along with the gene. So it becomes a prerequisite to prevail functional role of these ‘dark matters’ for complete functional manifestation of the genome sequence. Comparative genomics approach is used to functionally annotate the noncoding parts of the genome, while wet laboratory protocols need much time, chemicals and instrument facilities. Therefore, as an alternative, using bioinformatics approach, a workflow is designed from the preexisting tools, which is much more reliable and can be used to guide the wet lab experiments to validate and functionally annotate the dark matters of the genome

Intraspecific Variation in Commiphora wightii Populations Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) Sequences of rDNA

Commiphora wightii is an endangered, endemic species found in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, India and adjoining areas of Pakistan. The populations of this plant are rapidly dwindling due to overexploitation for their medicinally important resin. Analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of rDNAs revealed low genetic diversity (π = 0.03905; θw = 0.05418) and high population structure (ϕST = 0.206). Parsimony based assessment and Bayesian analyses were conducted on the dataset. Mantel’s test showed a statistically significant positive correlation between genetic and geographic distance (r2 = 0.3647; p = 0.023). Anthropogenic overexploitation of C. wightii for its natural resources has resulted in population fragmentation. Initiatives should be taken immediately to preserve the diversity of this important plant species

Efficacious use of Micrococcus yunnanensis GKSM13 for the growth of rice seedlings under copper stress with elucidation into genomic traits

Rice is widely cultivated worldwide, and beneficial bactrial colonization are particularly desirable for sustainable agriculture because they promote growth and production by preventing excessive heavy metal contamination. The present study was conducted with the aim of improving the growth of rice seedlings (MTU1010 variety) under copper (Cu) stress by using Cu-tolerant plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) Micrococcus yunnanensis GKSM13. Strain GKSM13 was able to produce plant growth promoting factors (PGPFs) such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin A3 (GA3) and ammonia, accumulate proline, fix N2, and inhibit 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Rice seedlings treated with Cu2+ and co-inoculated with GKSM13 significantly improved their growth in morphological and biochemical aspects. When analysed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), GKSM13 was found to be associated with the root cells in the form of large number of coccoid cells. The uptake of Cu2+ in rice seedlings was reduced to 57.5% in the presence of GKSM13. Strain GKSM13 treatment also reduced Cu-induced oxidative stress of rice seedlings by activating antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) and glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), which was supported by DPPH inhibition and reduction of malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Insight into the genome of strain GKSM13 reveals the presence of tryptophan (trp), ent-kaurene, cyanase (cyn), phosphate-specific transport (pst), major facilitator superfamily transporter (MFS), sulphate transporter (cys), proline (pro) and SOD (sod) genes, which are responsible for promoting plant growth and alleviating Cu2+ stress. Therefore, the application of strain M. yunnanensis GKSM13 could provide a sustainable agricultural solution for Cu-affected mining areas

View Point : Is <i>Bt</i>-brinjal ready for future food?—A critical study

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Analyses of Burial Codon Bias Among the Species of Dipterocarpaceae Through Molecular and Phylogenetic Data

Introduction: DNA barcode, a molecular marker, is used to distinguish among the closely related species, and it can be applied across a broad range of taxa to understand ecology and evolution. MaturaseK gene ( matK ) and rubisco bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase form I gene ( rbcL ) of the chloroplast are highly conserved in a plant system, which are used as core barcode. This present endeavor entails the comprehensive examination of the under threat plant species based on success of discrimination on DNA barcode under selection pressure. Result: The family Dipterocarpaceae comprising of 15 genera is under threat due to some factors, namely, deforestation, habitat alteration, poor seed, pollen dispersal, etc. Species of this family was grouped into 6 clusters for matK and 5 clusters and 2 sub-clusters for rbcL in the phylogenetic tree by using neighbor-joining method. Cluster I to cluster VI of matK and cluster I to cluster V of rbcL genes were analyzed by various codon and substitution bias tools. Mutational pressure guided the codon bias which was favored by the avoidance of higher GC content and significant negative correlation between GC12 and GC3 (in sub-cluster I of cluster I [0.03 0.85) also showed the same result, which possibly could be due to the negative impact of very high and low transition rate than transversion. Conclusion: Through the analysis of inter-generic, inter/intra-specific variation and phylogenetic data, it was found that both selection and mutation played an important role in synonymous codon choice in these genes, but they acted inconsistently on the genes, both matK and rbcL . In vitro stable proteins of both matK and rbcL were selected through natural selection rather than mutational selection. matK gene had higher individual discrimination and barcode success compared with rbcL . These discriminatory approaches may describe the problem related to the extinction of plant species. Hence, it becomes very imperative to identify and detect the under threat plant species in advance

Exopolisacáridos bacterianos obtenidos desde hábitat marino extremo del Océano Antártico: Producción y caracterización parcial

Deep marine microorganisms survive under extreme ecological settings and harsh environmental conditions of low temperature, high salinity, and high atmospheric pressure making it significant of scientific interest. Southern Ocean (SO) is one such example of deep marine ecosystem and the microorganisms inhabiting in such hostile environment may produce different bioactive secondary metabolites. SO (Indian Sector) is relatively less documented in terms of microbial composition and community dynamics. The present study involves isolation of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from three potent SO (Indian Sector) bacteria, optimization of the EPS production and partial characterization of them. Three different EPSs show varying structural conformation, that is from porous to strong flakes mimicking polymeric structure with C/N ratio ranging between 4 - 11. FTIR spectra have exhibited the presence of different active groups of carbohydrate moieties, water molecules and protein-associated amides. EPSs produced by marine microorganisms show high biotechnological promises such as drug carrier in pharmaceutical field, emulsifier and cryo protectant in food-processing industry, detoxification of petrochemical oils and much more. The three bacterial isolates in this study showed potential of producing EPS biopolymer that can be further explored in terms of its proper biotechnological applications.Los microorganismos marinos de zonas profundas sobreviven en entornos ecológicos extremos y condiciones ambientales adversas de baja temperatura, alta salinidad y alta presión atmosférica, lo que los hace tener un interés científico particularmente significativo. El Océano Antártico, es uno de esos ejemplos de ecosistemas marino profundo, y los microorganismos que habitan en ese ambiente hostil pueden producir diferentes metabolitos secundarios bioactivos. El Océano Antártico (sector indio) está relativamente menos documentado en términos de composición microbiana y dinámica comunitaria. El presente estudio consiste en el aislamiento de los exopolisacáridos (EPS) de tres potentes bacterias del Océano Antártico (sector indio), la optimización de la producción de EPS y la caracterización parcial de los mismos. Tres EPS diferentes muestran una conformación estructural variable, es decir, de copos porosos a fuertes que imitan la estructura polimérica con una relación C/N que oscila entre 4 y 11. Los espectros FTIR han exhibido la presencia de diferentes grupos activos de macromoléculas de carbohidratos, moléculas de agua y amidas asociadas a proteínas. Los EPS producidos por microorganismos marinos muestran un alto potencial biotecnológico, como transportador de drogas en el campo farmacéutico, emulsionante y crioprotector, todos ellos en la industria de procesamiento de alimentos, desintoxicación de aceites petroquímicos y mucho más. Los tres aislamientos bacterianos de este estudio mostraron potencial de producción de biopolímeros de EPS que pueden ser explorados más a fondo en términos de sus aplicaciones biotecnológicas adecuadas