The Socialisation of Pride in Young Children

A total of 40 target children, ranging in age from 10 months to 4 years 10 months (mean age 31 months) and their mothers, took part in a study, involving a game of ''feeding fish'' with different sized marbles in order to test the relation between maternal praise and performance in children. The mothers and children were videotaped in their homes. It was established that children improved their performance on the task as they grew older, that at a mean age of 35.1 months they smiled selectively more often when performing at their higher levels of capability and that mothers praised the highest level of performance relatively more often than lower levels of performance. Furthermore, mothers praise directed to younger children included reference to the person and the performance of the actor. Praise directed toward older children, however, included only reference to the performance of the child. The implications of these observations for the socialisation of pride are discussed

Possibilidades terapêuticas e risco toxicológico de Jatropha gossypiifolia L.: uma revisão narrativa Therapeutic possibilities and toxicological risk of Jatropha gossypiifolia L.: a narrative review

A espécie Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), popularmente conhecida como pião-roxo, entre tantos outros nomes, é um bom exemplo do tênue limiar que separa o efeito terapêutico do tóxico. Apesar de ser classicamente conhecida como planta tóxica possui usos na medicina popular. Alguns desses efeitos têm sido comprovados em estudos experimentais, como os de antimicrobiano, antineoplásico, cicatrizante e hipotensor, sendo possivelmente explicados pela presença de substâncias como alcalóides, terpenóides, flavonóides, lignanas e taninos. Esta revisão aborda aspectos importantes, com ênfase na toxicidade crônica dessa espécie, de modo a servir de fonte de informação aos interessados em avaliar a relação risco/benefício do uso terapêutico de Jatropha gossypiifolia L.<br>The species Jatropha gossypiifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae), popularly known as bellyache bush, among several other names, is an important example of the tenuous threshold that separates the therapeutic from the toxic effect. Although traditionally known as a toxic plant, it has been used in folk medicine. Some of its effects have been proved by experimental studies as antimicrobial, antineoplastic, healing and hypotensive, likely explained by the presence of substances such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, lignans and tannins. This review deals with important aspects, focusing on the chronic toxicity of this species, in order to serve as an information source for those interested in evaluating the risk-benefit ratio of the therapeutic use of Jatropha gossypiifolia L