Antibiotics in the poultry industry: a review on antimicrobial resistance

Since the first practical application of penicillin during World War II, the use of antibiotics has become an essential tool to treat infectious diseases and, after this event, many other drugs have been described, tested and used. However, the use of antimicrobials extends beyond the therapeutic treatment of animals and men, considering that, in some countries, these drugs are used in food producing animals with the objective of improving performance and reducing mortality. However, according to the World Health Organization, the use of antimicrobials in animal production should be controlled and restricted due to the risk of selecting resistant bacteria in different environments when these drugs are used indiscriminately. Therefore, the European Union prohibited the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in feed for production animals in 2006 as a precaution and this measure forced other countries, including Brazil, to adapt to this new demand in order to continue exporting products for this important economic bloc. Antimicrobial resistance may be coded by chromosomes or plasmids, which facilitates gene spreading. In addition, mechanisms of genetic interchange provide transmission from one bacterium to another, generating the occurrence of resistance to multiple antimicrobial drug classes, named multidrug resistance. This issue has been considered a major concern to the public health, since the transference of resistance to the human population by chicken meat is not clearly described. Therefore, this study reviewed the use of antibiotics in the poultry industry and, in order to do it so, information on the discovery and use of antimicrobials, mechanisms of action and resistance, as well as their impacts on the poultry industry were gathered. In addition, a lack in scientific literature has been observed in this study due to the low amount of papers addressing this theme in the poultry industry area.Desde a primeira aplicação prática da penicilina durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o uso de antimicrobianos se tornou uma ferramenta essencial para o tratamento de doenças infecciosas e, após este evento, muitos outros antibióticos passaram a ser descritos, testados e utilizados. Entretanto, o uso de antimicrobianos se extende além do tratamento terapêutico de humanos ou animais, uma vez que é utilizado em algumas partes do mundo na alimentação de animais de produção com o intuito de melhorar o desempenho e reduzir a mortalidade. Todavia, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde, deve haver controle e restrição ao uso de antimicrobianos na produção animal, pois o uso indiscriminado pode selecionar bactérias resistentes em diversos ecossistemas. Com base nesse pressuposto, a União Europeia, por precaução, vetou o uso de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação dos animais de produção no ano de 2006 e essa proibição fez com que muitos países, incluindo o Brasil, se adaptasse à nova legislação para continuar exportando a esse bloco econômico. A resistência às drogas antibacterianas pode ser codificada pelo cromossomo bacteriano ou em plasmídeos, o que facilita a difusão de genes. E é através desses mecanismos de intercâmbio genético que muitas bactérias se tornaram resistentes a múltiplas classes de agentes antimicrobianos, sendo este fenômeno denominado multirresistência. Esta problemática vem se tornando fonte de preocupação para a saúde pública, uma vez que não está claramente descrita a transferência de resistência à população humana pelo consumo da carne de frango. Diante do exposto, revisou-se o tema antibióticos no setor avícola e reuniu-se informações sobre a descoberta e uso dos antimicrobianos, seus mecanismos de ação e de resistência, bem como os impactos dessa problemática na avicultura. Adicionalmente, com esse estudo pôde-se observar uma lacuna na literatura científica devido à escassez de trabalhos acerca dessa temática na avicultura

Isolation of Salmonella spp. in captive Psittaciformes from zoos and a commercial establishment of Fortaleza, Brazil

This study showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. in captive psittacines from zoos and a commercial establishment of Fortaleza. None of the isolated serotypes (S. Lexington, S. Saintpaul and S. Newport) have yet been reported in Amazona aestiva, Ara chloroptera or Melopsittacus undulatus. However, the fact that most birds presented negative for Salmonella spp. may not imply the absence of this pathogen in these birds, since the intermittent excretion is a well-known characteristic of this microorganism

Isolation of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (O:4,5:i) and Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium from free-living domestic pigeons (Columba livia)

The present study reports the isolation of Salmonella enterica in organs of free-living domestic pigeons. In the clinic examination, the presence of feces in the peri-cloacal and abdominal regions were observed, as well as symptoms such as cachexy, incoordination and opisthotonos. Before any therapeutic protocol was applied the bird died and a necropsy was then performed for the removal of spleen, liver, kidney and intestine for bacteriological examination and antibiotic sensitivity test. Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica (O:4,5:i-) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium were isolated from the liver and intestine and the sensitivity test demonstrated that these strains are sensitive to several antibiotics

Detecção e avaliação do perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana de enterobactérias isoladas de periquitos cara-suja (Pyrrhura griseipectus) em cativeiro

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to detect enterobacteria in captive Grey-breasted parakeet from a commercial breeding located in the state of Ceara. 25 individual cloacal swabs were collected and this material was subjected to microbiological processing to obtain the bacterial isolation, identification, and evaluation of the sensitivity profile to antimicrobials. The bacterial isolation in ten samples was determined, belonging to the genera Enterobacter, Hafnia, Serratia, Escherichia, Pantoea and Klebsiella, in which these last three corresponded to the bacteria most isolated, with respective percentages of 28.6%, 21.4%, and 21.4%. As for the sensitivity profile, antibiotics to which the bacteria showed more resistance were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (57%), tetracycline (21%), and azithromycin (43%). Thus, it was shown that the parakeets were carriers of Enterobacteriaceae with resistance characteristics

Serogroup identification, phenotypic detection of hemolysis and extended spectrum beta-lactamases of Escherichia coli isolated from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Fortaleza, Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify serogroups of Escherichia coli important for human health in isolates from psittacine of illegal wildlife trade in Ceará State. In addition, hemolysis and production of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) was assessed in the isolates. A total of 78 E. coli strains isolated from different Psittaciformes species from a wildlife rehabilitation center in Fortaleza, Brazil. The isolates used in this study were previously identified and stored. Serogroup identification was performed using polyvalent sera for EPEC (O55, O111, O119, O114, O125, O86, O126, O127, O128), EIEC (O136, O124) and EHEC (O157). ESBL detection was performed with double disk synergy method. For hemolysis detection, isolates were inoculated in blood agar base enriched with ovine blood. Only 31 (39.7%) isolates were seropositive and the most frequent were O127, O114, O128 and O111. There was no agglutination for serogroups O55, O124, O136 or O157. Considering both seropositive and seronegative isolates, 9 (11.5%) and 35 (44.9%) presented hemolysis and ESBL production, respectively. In conclusion, the investigated psittacine from illegal wildlife trade hosted ESBL-producing E. coli strains and some belong to important serogroups often linked to severe human infections

Severe preeclampsia: association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population

Submitted by Nuzia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-01-07T15:59:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Severe preeclampsia_ Association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population - 1-s2.0-S104.pdf: 4325596 bytes, checksum: 251b5d9d3999c73b8d95da9078481995 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Nuzia Santos ([email protected]) on 2016-01-07T16:03:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Severe preeclampsia_ Association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population - 1-s2.0-S104.pdf: 4325596 bytes, checksum: 251b5d9d3999c73b8d95da9078481995 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T16:03:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Severe preeclampsia_ Association of genes polymorphisms and maternal cytokines production in Brazilian population - 1-s2.0-S104.pdf: 4325596 bytes, checksum: 251b5d9d3999c73b8d95da9078481995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil/Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei. Faculdade de Medicina. Divinópolis, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilSimile Instituto de Imunologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilSimile Instituto de Imunologia Aplicada. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilFundação Osvaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilFundação Osvaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou. Laboratório de Biomarcadores de Diagnóstico e Monitoração. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Belo Horizonte, MG, BrasilIntroduction: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-system disorder of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Healthy pregnancy is associated with a controlled inflammatory process, which is exacerbated in PE in response to excessive placental stimuli. Gene expression levels can affect inflammation and immune regulation. It is known that differences in cytokine allele frequencies amongst populations may contribute to difference in the incidence of several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10 genes polymorphisms and their relationship with the cytokines plasma levels in PE. Methods: A total of 281 women were included in this study; 116 with severe PE, 107 normotensive pregnant and 58 non-pregnant women. Cytokine genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction. The analyzed polymorphisms were: TNF-α (−308 G → A), IL-10 (−1082 G → A), IL-6 (−174 G → C), and IFN-γ (+874 A → T). Cytokine plasma levels were measured by Cytometric Bead Array method. Results: A higher frequency of the IFN-γ (+874) T/T genotype in severe PE comparing to normotensive pregnant women was found (P < 0.001). TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ plasma levels were higher in PE women compared to non-pregnant women (P < 0.001; P < 0.001; P = 0.004). IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were also higher in PE women compared to normotensive pregnant (P < 0.001; P = 0.010). IL-10 levels were higher in normotensive pregnant women compared to PE (P < 0.001). IFN-γ and IL-6 genes polymorphisms influenced the genic expression in PE and normotensive pregnant women, respectively. Conclusions: These results suggest that IFN-γ seems to play a role in PE occurrence