Fish behavior in relation to modeling fish passage through hydropower turbines: A review

We evaluated the literature on fish behavior as it relates to passage of fish near or through hydropower turbines. The goal was to foster compatibility of engineered systems with the normal behavior patterns of fish species and life stages such that entrainment into turbines and injury in passage are minimized. We focused on aspects of fish behavior that could be used for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of fish trajectories through turbine systems. Downstream-migrating salmon smolts are generally surface oriented and follow flow. Smolts orient to the ceilings of turbine intakes but are horizontally distributed more evenly, except as affected by intake-specific turbulence and vortices. Smolts often enter intakes oriented head-upstream. Non-salmonids are entrained episodically, suggesting accidental capture of schools (often of juveniles or in cold water) and little behavioral control during turbine passage. Models of fish trajectories should not assume neutral buoyancy throughout the time a fish passes through a turbine, largely because of pressure effects on swim bladders. Fish use their lateral line system to sense obstacles and change their orientation, but this sensory-response system may not be effective in the rapid passage times of turbine systems. A Effects of pre-existing stress levels on fish performance in turbine passage are not well known but may be important. There are practical limits of observation and measurement of fish and flows in the proximity of turbine runners that may inhibit development of information germane to developing a more fish-friendly turbine. We provide recommendations for CFD modelers of fish passage and for additional research. 20 refs., 2 figs

Extended Superscaling of Electron Scattering from Nuclei

An extended study of scaling of the first and second kinds for inclusive electron scattering from nuclei is presented. Emphasis is placed on the transverse response in the kinematic region lying above the quasielastic peak. In particular, for the region in which electroproduction of resonances is expected to be important, approximate scaling of the second kind is observed and the modest breaking of it is shown probably to be due to the role played by an inelastic version of the usual scaling variable.Comment: LaTeX, 36 pages including 5 color postscript figures and 4 postscript figure

On Fourier transforms of radial functions and distributions

We find a formula that relates the Fourier transform of a radial function on $\mathbf{R}^n$ with the Fourier transform of the same function defined on $\mathbf{R}^{n+2}$. This formula enables one to explicitly calculate the Fourier transform of any radial function $f(r)$ in any dimension, provided one knows the Fourier transform of the one-dimensional function $t\to f(|t|)$ and the two-dimensional function $(x_1,x_2)\to f(|(x_1,x_2)|)$. We prove analogous results for radial tempered distributions.Comment: 12 page

Superscaling of Inclusive Electron Scattering from Nuclei

We investigate the degree to which the concept of superscaling, initially developed within the framework of the relativistic Fermi gas model, applies to inclusive electron scattering from nuclei. We find that data obtained from the low energy loss side of the quasielastic peak exhibit the superscaling property, i.e., the scaling functions f(\psi') are not only independent of momentum transfer (the usual type of scaling: scaling of the first kind), but coincide for A \geq 4 when plotted versus a dimensionless scaling variable \psi' (scaling of the second kind). We use this behavior to study as yet poorly understood properties of the inclusive response at large electron energy loss.Comment: 33 pages, 12 color EPS figures, LaTeX2e using BoxedEPSF macros; email to [email protected]

Phytoplankton in a temperate-zone salt marsh: Net production and exchanges with coastal waters

Phytoplankton production and associated variables were measured in Flax Pond, a 52 ha salt marsh on the north shore of Long Island, New York, from July 1972 to October 1973. Measurements made up to five times per day, once per week, yielded a mean annual net primary production, determined by the 14 C technique, of 20.5 mg C/m 3 /h; daily means were as high as 60.0 mg C/m 3 /h. However, when productivity was calculated for the entire marsh ecosystem, the shallow water in the salt marsh produced only 11.7 g C/m 2 of marsh/year. There was a net flux of phytoplankton from the coastal waters into the marsh; during the summer up to 0.2 g chlorophy 11/m 2 of marsh was carried in with the tides daily and remained in the marsh. Analysis of the productivity data, as well as variables associated with productivity (pH, standing crop, nutrients, extinction coefficient), indicated that the aquatic portion of the marsh behaved more as a net consumer rather than a net producer of phytoplankton.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46630/1/227_2004_Article_BF00391561.pd

Rediscovery Of Nyctibius Leucopterus (white-winged Potoo) In The Atlantic Forest Of Brazil

The first documented record of Nyctibius leucopterus in eastern Brazil, since its discovery and description at the beginning of XIX century, is detailed: one individual was tape-recorded and video-taped at Una Biological Reserve, southern Bahia, at 1 november 1999. Four subsequent records for the same region is provided.11114Bonalume, R., Ave descoberta em 1821 "reaparece (1999) Folha de São Paulo, Science, , 6 JuneCohn-Haft, M., Rediscovery of the White-winged Potoo (Nyctibius leucopterus) (1993) Auk, 110, pp. 391-394_ (1999) Family Nyctibiidae (Potoos), p. 288-301. In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal (eds.) Handbook of the Birds of the World, v. 5. Barcelona: Lynx EdicionsGrantsau, R., Lima, P.C., Santos, S.S., Lima, R.C.F., Nyctibius leucopterus, Wied 1821, redescoberto na Bahia depois de 177 anos. (1999) Atual. Orn, 89, p. 6Hardy, J.W., Reynard, G.B., Coffey Jr., B.B., (1997) Voices of the New World nightjars & their allies, , Ara Records, Gainnesville, FL, Ara-14. Revised edition(1992) Lista das espécies de aves brasileiras ameaçadas de extinção, , IBAMA , Brasília: IBAMALima, P.C., Santos, S.S., Lima, R.C.F., Aves raras e espécies ameaçadas de extinção no litoral norte da Bahia (e a redescoberta do Nyctibius leucopterus, Wied 1821, após 177 anos). (1999) A Tarde Rural, pp. 4-5. , 31 MayPaynter, R.L., Traylor, M.A., (1991) Ornithological gazetteer of Brazil, , Cambridge: Museum of Comparative ZoologyVanzolini, P.E., (1992) A supplement to the ornithological gazetteer of Brazil, , São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São PauloWied, M., (1821) Reise nach Brasilien in den Jahren 1815 bis 1817, 2. , Frankfurt: H. L. BrönnerWied, M., (1830) Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, 3. , Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir

Oblique dilation, melt transfer, and gneiss dome emplacement

The upward transfer of partially molten crust and the formation of gneiss domes and metamorphic core complexes commonly take place by localization of normal or oblique extension in the middle and upper crust. In Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, a transition from wrench to oblique extension occurred during oblique plate divergence along the East Gondwana margin and intracontinental crustal extension associated with the West Antarctic Rift System in mid-Cretaceous time. Migmatites in the Fosdick dome record steep fabrics formed during wrenching, and associated granite networks display crystallization ages of 117-115 Ma. These steep fabrics are overprinted by subhorizontal foliation and leucogranite sheets with crystallization ages in the 109-102 Ma range. Syntectonic emplacement of granite sheets in the South Fosdick detachment zone indicates that detachment tectonics led to rapid exhumation of the terrain by 100 Ma. This study has implications for understanding melt transport, magma accumulation, and the formation of detachments in an oblique tectonic setting