Evaluación de una experiencia de ApS como Instrumento del Aprendizaje Interdisciplinar en el Grado de Enfermería

Realizar un servicio a la comunidad es uno de los métodos de aprendizaje más eficaces, porque los estudiantes encuentran el auténtico sentido a lo que estudian cuando aplican sus conocimientos y habilidades en una práctica solidaria, favoreciendo así el aprendizaje significativo, mejorando la propia motivación y los resultados académicos y promoviendo el desarrollo personal y social. A través de estrategias de aprendizaje-servicio (ApS) los docentes podemos estar más cerca de conseguir el verdadero éxito de la educación en la Universidad: abrir las aulas y vincular la adquisición de competencias interdisciplinares y transdiciplinares. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran que estudiantes valoran las actividades de ApS vinculadas a la promoción de la salud muy positivamente en relación con las expectativas, la autopercepción, el logro de los objetivos de aprendizaje y de servicio, el enfoque de la actividad, el logro de las competencias, el nivel de participación, su impacto y proyección social, así como su visión desde el campo profesional. ApS permite crear escenarios reales donde puedan desarrollarse todas las competencias, puesto que el mero conocimiento teórico no garantiza la formación de una ciudadanía participativa, solidaria, capaz de desarrollar proyectos individuales y colectivos

Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

Cytochemical and immunocytochemical comparative localization and characterization of acid sulfated glycolaminoglycans (sGAG) in several areas of the rat cerebral cortex during postnatal development

There are some evidences demonstrating that Acid Sulfated Proteoglycans take part in several Central Nervous System (CNS) functions (Brittis et al., 1992; Carbonetto, 1989; Carey et al., 1990, 1992; Fichard et al., 1991; Kalb and Hockfield, 1990; Lafont et al., 1992; Schubert and Lacorbiere, 1985; Schubert et al., 1988, 1989; Snow et al., 1990, 1991, 1992). To date, the immunocytochemical methods have been developed to detect different proteglycans using specific monoclonal antibodies (Bertolotto et al., 1991; Watanabe et al., 1989; Zaremba et al., 1989). The aim of the present paper is to compare the localization of chondroitin-0-sulfate, -4-sulfate, -6-sulfate and keratan sulfate proteglycans in the rat cerebral cortex during the postnatal development, using both colloidal iron and immunocytochemical methods. Our observations, with the light microscope, revealed an intense immunocytochemical reaction closely associated to the neuronal membranes that, in most cases, were located in the III, IV, V and VI cortical layers of the 20 and 30 postnatal day rats, but not in the 7 and 15 postnatal ones. The colloidal iron reaction revealed similar distribution as that one observed with the immunocytochemical method for chondroitin-0-sulfate, -4-sulfate, -6-sulfate proteoglycans. At electron microscopic level it has been observed positive immunostaining for these sulfated proteoglycans on the plasma membrane of these scattered neurons. Positive immunoreaction for Keratan sulfate proteoglycan was demonstrated inside several astrocytes of 7, 15, 20 and 30 postnatal day rat cerebral cortexes, but it has not been observed in neurons. Taking into account the previous biochemical studies, our observation have led us to suggest that a unique membranous protein could be binded to several acid sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) types in a particular neuronal subset.Peer Reviewe

The histology of brain tumors for 67 331 children and 671 085 adults diagnosed in 60 countries during 2000-2014: a global, population-based study (CONCORD-3).

Global variations in survival for brain tumors are very wide when all histological types are considered together. Appraisal of international differences should be informed by the distribution of histology, but little is known beyond Europe and North America. The source for the analysis was the CONCORD database, a program of global surveillance of cancer survival trends, which includes the tumor records of individual patients from more than 300 population-based cancer registries. We considered all patients aged 0-99 years who were diagnosed with a primary brain tumor during 2000-2014, whether malignant or nonmalignant. We presented the histology distribution of these tumors, for patients diagnosed during 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2014. Records were submitted from 60 countries on 5 continents, 67 331 for children and 671 085 for adults. After exclusion of irrelevant morphology codes, the final study population comprised 60 783 children and 602 112 adults. Only 59 of 60 countries covered in CONCORD-3 were included because none of the Mexican records were eligible. We defined 12 histology groups for children, and 11 for adults. In children (0-14 years), the proportion of low-grade astrocytomas ranged between 6% and 50%. Medulloblastoma was the most common subtype in countries where low-grade astrocytoma was less commonly reported. In adults (15-99 years), the proportion of glioblastomas varied between 9% and 69%. International comparisons were made difficult by wide differences in the proportion of tumors with unspecified histology, which accounted for up to 52% of diagnoses in children and up to 65% in adults. To our knowledge, this is the first account of the global histology distribution of brain tumors, in children and adults. Our findings provide insights into the practices and the quality of cancer registration worldwide