VISBREAKING-A FLEXIBLE PROCESS FOR UPGRADING OF RESIDUE

In context of the present scenario of refining of crude, Thermal Conversion Processes are getting renewed interest in upgrading the residual fractions. With the very heavy feed stocks the simplest and cheapest options available are the thermal processes namely Visbreaking and Delayed Coking. IIP/EIL have developed indigenous visbreaking and Delayed Coking technologies. Exclusive pilot plant studies to generate data, improve and optimize the proc.ess were carried out at lIP. At Visbreaking pilot plant the feedstock having viscosities in the range of 33 to 15240 cSt at 100°C have been processed. Visbreaking process was licensed to seven Indian Refineries. For marketing the soaker visbreaking technologies globally lIP has entered into an agreement with Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation, USA. For the further advancement of this technology to improve products quality and yields work is being carried out at lIP. For upgrading of heavy fractions, the integration of other refining processes with thermal conversion can improve the yield of desirable products. Conversion and fuel oil stability has also been discussed in this paper

Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding ability, in vitro cytotoxicity, electrochemical properties and theoretical studies of copper(II) carboxylate complexes

Four copper(II) carboxylate complexes, namely [Cu2(μ-3,5-dinitrobenzoate-O,O')4(4-(dimethylamino)benzaldehyde)2] (1), [Cu2(μ-benzoate-O,O')4(benzoic acid)2] (2), [Cu2(μ-benzoate-O,O')4(H2O)2] [Cu(benzoate-O,O')2(imz)2].2H2O (3) and [Cu(benzoate-O,O')2(2-Me-imz)2] (4) (imz = imidazole, 2-Me-imz = 2-methyl-imidazole), were synthesized and comprehensively characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopic methods, single crystal X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry (CV), topological analysis as well as theoretical studies. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that products 1 and 2 are dinuclear paddle-wheel complexes, compound 3 is a co-crystal containing mononuclear and dinuclear blocks, while compound 4 is a mononuclear complex. Hirshfeld surface analysis of the compounds rationalized different types of hydrogen bonds, which also lead to the generation of H-bonded networks in 3 and 4. Their topological analysis disclosed a uninodal 4-connected 2D layer with sql topology in 3 and a uninodal 2-connected 1D chain with 2C1 topology in 4. The interaction of 1–4 with calf thymus DNA was investigated by UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, revealing a moderately strong non-intercalative mode of interaction. In vitro cytotoxicity study of the complexes on HepG2 (human liver hepatocellular carcinoma) cell lines revealed a significant inhibition activity. Electrochemical study of the complexes in CH3CN (1–3) and DMSO (4) solution showed a one electron transfer corresponding to Cu(III)Cu(II)/Cu(II)Cu(II) and Cu(II)Cu(II)/Cu(I)Cu(II) redox couples. The ΔE and Ipa/Ipc values suggest that the redox couples are quasireversible. The DFT study was performed to further rationalize the crystal structures and nuclearity of the obtained copper(II) complexes. © 2021 Elsevier B.V