A net-back analysis of water irrigation demand in East Anglia

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The use of simultaneous H-1 & P-31 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance measurements to characterize energy metabolism during the conversion of muscle to meat

In order to investigate the potential of magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) in the elucidation of post-mortem metabolism in muscle biopsies, simultaneous H-1 and (31)p MAS NMR measurements were made continuously on postmortem (20 min to 24 h) muscle longissimus samples from rabbits. The animals had either been or not been given adrenaline (0.5 mg kg(-1) 4 h pre-slaughter) to deplete stores of muscle glycogen. The intracellular pH was calculated from H-1 spectra, and the post-mortem rate of formation of lactate was followed and quantified. Comparison of measurements made on muscle samples from rabbits treated with adrenaline with measurements made on muscle samples from untreated' rabbits revealed significant effects of adrenaline treatment on both pH (pH24 h = 6.42 vs. pH24 It = 5.60) and formation of lactate (16 mmol g(-1) vs. 65 mmol g(-1)). The P-31 NMR spectra were used to follow the rate of degradation of ATP and phosphocreatine. The present study clearly shows that MAS NMR has potential for the study of post-mortem energy metabolism

Avaliação sob risco da capacidade de pagamento por água bruta de produtores da Bacia do Jaguaribe (CE)

Este estudo avalia a capacidade de pagamento, sob condições de risco, dos produtores rurais usuários de água bruta da bacia do Jaguaribe, no estado do Ceará. Levam-se em conta o sistema de irrigação - se privado ou público, o perímetro, o nível de consumo e as atividades produzidas. Os dados são de natureza primária, obtidos por meio da aplicação de 93 questionários junto a irrigantes privados e públicos. Como método de análise, usa-se a técnica de simulação Monte Carlo. Conclui-se que, para os irrigantes privados e públicos da amostra, a capacidade de pagamento (CP) por água bruta apresenta valor médio negativo e que a maioria desses produtores não tem condição de pagar pelo uso da água, representando risco elevado às atividades desenvolvidas. Somente os irrigantes que registraram renda líquida (residual ou net-back), sob condições deterministas, maior que zero podem pagar o valor da tarifa atualmente cobrada pela Companhia de Gestão dos Recursos Hídricos (Cogerh) com sobra de caixa ou baixo risco. Alguns irrigantes não têm possibilidade alguma de arcar com a tarifa atual. Os irrigantes públicos apresentaram maior CP comparados aos privados. A atividade pecuária foi a que registrou menor risco para arcar com a tarifa.<br>This paper aims to evaluate the capacity of payment, under risk conditions, of the bulk water to the rural producers' users in Jaguaribe basin, State of Ceará. It was considered the aspects concerning whether the irrigation system is public or private, the location of the irrigation district, the level of consumption level and the activities being carried out. The data are primary, gathered by the application of 93 questionnaires to producers in private and public irrigation districts. As method of analysis, it is used the Monte Carlo simulation. We can conclude that for the sample of public and private irrigation farmers, the capacity of payment (CP) for bulk water shows a negative average value and that the majority of these producers cannot afford to pay for the water use, which represents high risk for the activities carried out. Only the irrigation farmers that showed net income (residual or net-back), under deterministic conditions, higher than zero, can pay with large margin or low risk the value of tariff being charged currently by the water governmental agency (Cogerh). Some irrigation farmers do not show any probability of paying the current tariff. The public irrigation farmers show higher CP relatively the private ones. The cattle-raising activity was the one that showed lower risk concerning the tariff charged