The parent?infant dyad and the construction of the subjective self

Developmental psychology and psychopathology has in the past been more concerned with the quality of self-representation than with the development of the subjective agency which underpins our experience of feeling, thought and action, a key function of mentalisation. This review begins by contrasting a Cartesian view of pre-wired introspective subjectivity with a constructionist model based on the assumption of an innate contingency detector which orients the infant towards aspects of the social world that react congruently and in a specifically cued informative manner that expresses and facilitates the assimilation of cultural knowledge. Research on the neural mechanisms associated with mentalisation and social influences on its development are reviewed. It is suggested that the infant focuses on the attachment figure as a source of reliable information about the world. The construction of the sense of a subjective self is then an aspect of acquiring knowledge about the world through the caregiver's pedagogical communicative displays which in this context focuses on the child's thoughts and feelings. We argue that a number of possible mechanisms, including complementary activation of attachment and mentalisation, the disruptive effect of maltreatment on parent-child communication, the biobehavioural overlap of cues for learning and cues for attachment, may have a role in ensuring that the quality of relationship with the caregiver influences the development of the child's experience of thoughts and feelings

Sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers. Phase I: field sampling program during mean flow Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York

A field sampling program was conducted on Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York during November and December 1977 to investigate the transport of radionuclides in surface waters as part of a continuing program to provide data for application and verification of Pacific Northwest Laboratory's (PNL) sediment and radionuclide transport model, SERATRA. Suspended sediment, bed sediment, and water samples were collected during mean flow conditions over a 45 mile reach of stream channel. Radiological analysis of these samples included primarily gamma ray emitters; however, some plutonium, strontium, curium, and tritium analyses were also included. The principal gamma emitter found during the sampling program was /sup 137/Cs where, in some cases, levels associated with the sand and clay size fractions of bed sediment exceeded 100 pCi/g. Elevated levels of /sup 137/Cs and /sup 90/Sr were found downstream of the Nuclear Fuel Services Center, an inactive plutonium reprocessing plant and low level nuclear waste disposal site. Based on radionuclide levels in upstream control stations, /sup 137/Cs was the only radionuclide whose levels in the creeks downstream of the site could confidently be attributed to the site during this sampling program. This field sampling effort is the first of a three phase program to collect data during low, medium and high flow conditions

Sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers. Phase 2. Field sampling program for Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York

As part of a study on sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers, Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) is investigating the effect of sediment on the transport of radionuclides in Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York. A source of radioactivity in these creeks is the Western New York Nuclear Service Center which consists of a low-level waste disposal site and a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. Other sources of radioactivity include fallout from worldwide weapons testing and natural background radioactivity. The major objective of the PNL Field Sampling Program is to provide data on sediment and radionuclide characteristics in Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks to verify the use of the Sediment and Radionuclide Transport model, SERATRA, for nontidal rivers. This report covers the results of field data collection conducted during September 1978. Radiological analysis of sand, silt, and clay size fractions of suspended and bed sediment, and water were performed. Results of these analyses indicate that the principal radionuclides occurring in these two water courses, with levels significantly higher than background levels, during the Phase 2 sampling program were Cesium-137 and Strontium-90. These radionuclides had significantly higher activity levels above background in the bed sediment, suspended sediment, and water samples. Other radionuclides that are possibly being released into the surface water environment by the Nuclear Fuel Services facilities are Plutonium-238, 239, and 240, Americium-241, Curium-244, and Tritium. More radionuclides were consistently found in the bed sediment as compared to suspended sediment. The fewest radionuclides were found in the water of Buttermilk and Cattaraugus Creeks. The higher levels were found in the bed sediments for the gamma-emitters and in the suspended sediment for the alpha and beta-emitters (not including Tritium)

Lycopodiella alopecuroides

Pteridophyte

Sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers. Phase 3. Field sampling program for Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York

A field sampling program was conducted on Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York during April 1979 to investigate the transport of radionuclides in surface waters as part of a continuing program to provide data for application and verification of Pacific Northwest Laboratory's (PNL) sediment and radionuclide transport model, SERATRA. Bed sediment, suspended sediment and water samples were collected during unsteady flow conditions over a 45 mile reach of stream channel. Radiological analysis of these samples included gamma ray spectrometry analysis, and radiochemical separation and analysis of Sr-90, Pu-238, Pu-239, 240, Am-241 and Cm-244. Tritium analysis was also performed on water samples. Based on the evaluation of radionuclide levels in Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, the Nuclear Fuel Services facility at West Valley, New York, may be the source of Cs-137, Sr-90, Cs-134, Co-60, Pu-238, Pu-239, 240, Am-241, Cm-244 and tritium found in the bed sediment, suspended sediment and water of Buttermilk and Cattaraugus Creeks. This field sampling effort was the last of a three phase program to collect hydrologic and radiologic data at different flow conditions

Hepatoportal Sclerosis In Childhood Associated With Extrahepatic Portal Vein Thrombosis: A Three Cases Report [esclerose Hepatoportal Associada à Trombose De Veia Porta Em Crianças: Relato De Três Casos]

Hepatoportal sclerosis is the term used to name a clinicopathological condition responsible for non-cirrotic portal hypertension. A three cases report of children With hepatoportal sclerosis is presented associated with portal vein thrombosis. The first two patients presented as main complaint upper digestive hemorrhage and the third one was admitted for investigation of hepatosplenomegaly. The ultrasonographic exam revealed alterations indicative of extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis in the three cases. The patients underwent liver biopsy for they had presented alterated liver enzymes. The main historical findings were: subintimal sclerosis, portal fibrosts and telangiectases of the intrahepatic venous branches, consistent with the diagnosis of hepatoportal sclerosis. The three patients showed good evolution, being the hemorrhage controlled in the first two cases through esclerotherapy ofesophageal varices.342121125Alvarez, F., Bernard, O., Brunelle, F., Hadchouel, P., Odièvre, M., Alagille, D., Portal obstruction in children. I. Clinical investigation and hemorrhage risk (1983) J Pediatr, 103, p. 696Bioulac-Sage, P., Le Bail, B., Bernard, P.H., Balabaud, C., Hepatoportal sclerosis (1995) Semin Liver Dis, 15, p. 329Boyer, J.L., Hales, M.R., Klatskin, G., "Idiopathic" portal hypertension due to occlusion of intrahepatic portal veins by organized thrombi (1974) Medicine, 53, p. 77Datta, D.V., Mitra, S.K., Chhuttani, P.N., Chakravarti, R.N., Chronic oral arsenic intoxication as a possible aetiological factor in idiopathic portal hypertension (non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis) in India (1979) Gut, 20, p. 378Fukuda, K., Arakawa, M., Kage, M., Matsumoto, S., Nakashima, T., Okuda, K., Pathogenesis of portal sclerosis in the liver with idiopathic portal hypertension (1985) Acta Pathol Jpn, 35, p. 299Ludwig, J., Hashimoto, E., Obata, H., Baldus, W.P., Idiopathic portal hypertension: A histopathological study of 26 Japanese cases (1993) Histopathology, 22, p. 227Maksoud, J.G., Mies, S., Gayotto, L.C.C., Hepatoportal sclerosis in childhood (1986) Am J Surg, 151, p. 484Mikkelsen, W.P., Edmondson, H.A., Peters, R.L., Redeker, A.G., Reynolds, T.B., Extra and intrahepatic portal hypertension without cirrhosis (hepatoportal sclerosis) (1965) Ann Surg, 162, p. 602Mukherjee, A.K., Ramalingaswami, V., Nayak, N.C., Hepatoportal sclerosis - Its relationship to intrahepatic portal venous thrombosis (1979) Indian J Med Res, 69, p. 152Nayak, N.C., Ramalingaswami, V., Obliterative portal venopathy of the liver (1969) Arch Pathol, 87, p. 359Sherlock, S., O sistema venoso portal e hipertensão portal (1988) Doenças do Fígado e do Sistema Biliar. 7.ed., pp. 125-166. , Sherlock S, ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara KooganShikata, T., Uzawa, T., Yamazaki, S., Causal genesis of liver fibrosis accompanied with portal hypertension (1976) Acta Hepatol Jpn, 17, p. 417Tresoldi, A.T., Collares, E.F., Rodrigues Da Silva, P.E.M., Hepatometria em crianças - Valores de referência para crianças de zero a 10 anos de idade, de algumas medidas estimadas ao exame físico (1990) J Pediatr, 66, p. 13. , Rio de JaneiroUmeyama, K., Yui, S., Fukamizu, A., Yoshikawa, K., Yamashita, T., Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with progressive systemic sclerosis (1982) Am J Gastroenterol, 77, p. 64