Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way

This chapter presents a review of observational studies to determine the magnetic field in the Milky Way, both in the disk and in the halo, focused on recent developments and on magnetic fields in the diffuse interstellar medium. I discuss some terminology which is confusingly or inconsistently used and try to summarize current status of our knowledge on magnetic field configurations and strengths in the Milky Way. Although many open questions still exist, more and more conclusions can be drawn on the large-scale and small-scale components of the Galactic magnetic field. The chapter is concluded with a brief outlook to observational projects in the near future.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures, to appear in "Magnetic Fields in Diffuse Media", eds. E.M. de Gouveia Dal Pino and A. Lazaria

Effects of Acute Febrile Diseases on the Periodontium of Rhesus Monkeys with Reference to Poliomyelitis

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67269/2/10.1177_00220345510300050301.pd

Two Types of Planning in Neighborhoods

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68338/2/10.1177_0739456X8400300209.pd

Reactivation of the coastal landslide system at Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire, UK

On 1 April 2008, a deep-seated reactivation of the Cayton Cliff coastal landslide complex near Scarborough occurred. This followed localized headscarp failures adjacent to properties at Knipe Point Drive, beginning in late autumn 2007. The paper details the field evidence for these events, which included headscarp recession, shallow mudslides and debris flows, and deeper-seated ground displacement leading to tension cracking and toe uplift. In response to these changes, a ground inspection and monitoring programme was implemented to assess ongoing headscarp recession and possible extension of the landslide, thereby informing management responses and levels of risk. The data, which cover the post-failure period between late April 2008 and mid December 2009, indicate headscarp recession up to 3.61 m ± 0.04 m, localized displacement of the landslide body of up to 2.72 m ± 0.74 m and sea cliff recession of 0.31 m ± 0.01 m a−1. A preliminary investigation of the potential causes of the 2008 landslide reactivation suggest it was a natural event, most probably reflecting high antecedent effective rainfall conditions that raised the groundwater table to a critical threshold for slope failure. Reactivation was possibly aided by ongoing marine erosion of the landslide toe. Long-term management of the site is more complex and the potential option of a landslide stabilization scheme is likely to meet significant challenge, especially given the SSSI designation at Cayton Cliff

Reactivation of a coastal landslide system at Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire

On 1 April 2008, a deep-seated reactivation of the Cayton Cliff coastal landslide complex near Scarborough occurred. This followed localized headscarp failures adjacent to properties at Knipe Point Drive, beginning in late autumn 2007. The paper details the field evidence for these events, which included headscarp recession, shallow mudslides and debris flows, and deeper-seated ground displacement leading to tension cracking and toe uplift. In response to these changes, a ground inspection and monitoring programme was implemented to assess ongoing headscarp recession and possible extension of the landslide, thereby informing management responses and levels of risk. The data, which cover the post-failure period between late April 2008 and mid December 2009, indicate headscarp recession up to 3.61 m ± 0.04 m, localized displacement of the landslide body of up to 2.72 m ± 0.74 m and sea cliff recession of 0.31 m ± 0.01 m a-1. A preliminary investigation of the potential causes of the 2008 landslide reactivation suggest it was a natural event, most probably reflecting high antecedent effective rainfall conditions that raised the groundwater table to a critical threshold for slope failure. Reactivation was possibly aided by ongoing marine erosion of the landslide toe. Long-term management of the site is more complex and the potential option of a landslide stabilization scheme is likely to meet significant challenge, especially given the SSSI designation at Cayton Cliff

Solar Occultation Constellation for Retrieving Aerosols and Trace Element Species (SOCRATES) Mission Concept

The goal of SOCRATES is to quantify the critical role of the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) in the climate system. The mission would provide, for the first time, the suite of measurements required to quantify stratosphere/troposphere exchange (STE) pathways and their contribution to UTLS composition, and to evaluate the radiative forcing implications of potential changes in STE pathways with climate change. The discrimination and quantification of STE pathways requires simultaneous measurement of several key trace gases and aerosols with high precision, accuracy, and vertical resolution. Furthermore, aerosol and clouds, often present in the UTLS, complicate the measurement of trace gases. The SOCRATES sensor is a 23-channel Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR), referred to as GLO (GFCR Limb solar Occultation), with heritage from HALOE on UARS, and SOFIE on AIM. GLO measures aerosol extinction from 0.45 to 3.88 μm, important radiatively active gases in the UTLS (H2O, O3, CH4, N2O), key tracers of STE (HCN, CO, HDO), gases important in stratospheric O3 chemistry (HCl and HF), and temperature from cloud top to 50 km at a vertical resolution of 1 km. Improved pointing knowledge will provide dramatically better retrieval precision in the UTLS, even in the presence of aerosols, than possible with HALOE. In addition, the GLO form factor is only a few percent of that of HALOE, and costs for a constellation of GLO sensors is within the cost cap of a NASA Venture mission. The SOCRATES mission concept is an 8-element constellation of autonomous nano-satellites, each mated with a GLO sensor, deployed from a single launch vehicle. The SOCRATES/GLO approach reaps the advantages of solar occultation: high precision and accuracy; robust calibration; and high vertical resolution, while mitigating the sparse coverage of a single solar occultation sensor. We present the SOCRATES science case, and key elements of the SOCRATES mission and GLO instrument concepts