Trends and Regional Differences in Breastfeeding in Germany From 1871 To 1937

This article describes trends and regional differences in breastfeeding within Germany from 1870 to 1937. Sharp regional differences in both the in cidence and duration of breastfeeding are present around 1910. There is a com plex pattern of trends in infant-feeding practices. Breastfeeding declined in urban areas between the late nineteenth century and the first World War. A strong nationwide resurgence in the incidence of breastfeeding occurred between the two world wars, accompanied by a decline in the average duration of breastfeeding. By 1937, the formerly great regional differences in breastfeeding had nearly dis appeared. The article also discusses social, economic, cultural, and historical variables affecting infant-feeding practices, including local breastfeeding customs, a national infant welfare campaign, and allowances to nursing mothers.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67272/2/10.1177_036319908501000203.pd

Correlation between the Q angle and the patella position: a clinical and axial computed tomography evaluation.

Item does not contain fulltextThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of the Q angle with respect to the patella position. Fifty-six knee joints of 34 patients (15 bilateral) with chronic patellofemoral pain were prospectively evaluated. All patients were examined by the same orthopaedic surgeon (R.M.B.) and the Q angle measured clinically and using long radiographs. Additionally, axial computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained through the center of the patellar articular cartilage in 0 degrees of flexion. Three different patellofemoral indices were measured by the second author (K.W.), who was not involved in the clinical examination: lateral patellar displacement (LPD), lateral patellar tilt (LPT), and patella-lateral condyle index (PLCI). These results were compared with the values of the measured Q angle. For statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) used. A pvalue < 0.05 was considered significant. We could not find a significant correlation between the Q angle values and the patellofemoral indices in all patients (bilateral or only right/left). Within the patients with bilateral patellofemoral pain (n = 15), there was a significant correlation between LPD and PLCI (p = 0.015), LPT and PLCI (p = 0.024) left and LPD and LPT(p = 0.011) right. Similar results were found in patients with pain only on one side. In conclusion, there is no significance between the Q angle and the position of patella. The diagnostic relevance of the Q angle could not be established

Iso-anatomische VKB-Rekonstruktion - wenn weniger mehr ist.

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