Differences in the pattern and regulation of mineral deposition in human cell lines of osteogenic and non-osteogenic origin

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used as a cellular model of bone formation, and can mineralize in vitro in response to osteogenic medium (OM). It is unclear, however, whether this property is specific to cells of mesenchymal origin. We analysed the OM response in 3 non-osteogenic lines, HEK293, HeLa and NTera, compared to MSCs. Whereas HEK293 cells failed to respond to OM conditions, the 2 carcinoma-derived lines NTera and HeLa deposited a calcium phosphate mineral comparable to that present in MSC cultures. However, unlike MSCs, HeLa and NTera cultures did so in the absence of dexamethasone. This discrepancy was confirmed, as bone morphogenetic protein inhibition obliterated the OM response in MSCs but not in HeLa or NTera, indicating that these 2 models can deposit mineral through a mechanism independent of established dexamethasone or bone morphogenetic protein signalling

Genome-Wide Association Study for Type 2 Diabetes in Indians Identifies a New Susceptibility Locus at 2q21

Indians undergoing socioeconomic and lifestyle transitions will be maximally affected by epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study of T2D in 12,535 Indians, a less explored but high-risk group. We identified a new type 2 diabetes–associated locus at 2q21, with the lead signal being rs6723108 (odds ratio 1.31; P = 3.32 3 1029 ). Imputation analysis refined the signal to rs998451 (odds ratio 1.56; P = 6.3 3 10212) within TMEM163 that encodes a probable vesicular transporter in nerve terminals. TMEM163 variants also showed association with decreased fasting plasma insulin and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, indicating a plausible effect through impaired insulin secretion. The 2q21 region also harbors RAB3GAP1 and ACMSD; those are involved in neurologic disorders. Forty-nine of 56 previously reported signals showed consistency in direction with similar effect sizes in Indians and previous studies, and 25 of them were also associated (P , 0.05). Known loci and the newly identified 2q21 locus altogether explained 7.65% variance in the risk of T2D in Indians. Our study suggests that common susceptibility variants for T2D are largely the same across populations, but also reveals a population-specific locus and provides further insights into genetic architecture and etiology of T2D

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. METHODS: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. FINDINGS: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). INTERPRETATION: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden

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Not AvailableGarlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important and oldest bulbous plants grown worldwide. In India, garlic is grown in many states.The garlic crop is generally harvested during March-April in most of the regions of India. After neck cutting it is kept in storage (May–August) for use in next season when temperatures are 30-450C and relative humidity is also very high between 70-80% in the month of June followed by rains in July and August. The high temperatures and humid conditions during these period favor Fusarium rot in garlic caused by Fusarium solani under different types of storage conditions. This can lead to huge losses.During September 2009-10, Fusarium rot disease was observed on garlic bulbs (Var: G-323, G-282 & G-50) in stores at Regional Research Station, Karnal, Haryana. When removed after five months of storage, more than 40% of bulbs were affected by Fusarium rot. The bulbs were spongy, sunken, yellow-brown, mummified, softened and dryOther symptoms include reduced bulb size, weight, bulb decay and poorly developed root system. There were white, light pink or reddish fungal growth (mycelium) covering the cloves, and in the root cavities.The pathogenicity of the above pathogen was done through pinching method under artificialconditions and the symptoms were similar to those observed in the storage and the fungus was reisolated from infected bulbs. Fusarium rot is known to be caused by several species of Fusarium, which have been reported from many other countriesHowever, to the author’s knowledge this is the first report of Fusarium solani causing Fusarium rot of garlic in storage from India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableModel Training Courses” (MTCs) scheme has been implemented since 1996 by Directorate of Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Its major emphasis is demand driven capacity building of extension managers, marketing managers and extension functioning of State development department. These training programme are organized on priority areas of agriculture, horticulture and allied subjects. In the similar fashion a MTC was organized at ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG) Ranchi especially for the Extension functionaries of the Government. The investigation aimed to study the impact of model training course on lac production, processing, product development and value addition in term of knowledge level, level of satisfaction of trainees, usefulness of the topics covered and overall grading of training. The study was conducted at ICAR-IINRG Ranchi and all participants who attended Model Training Course 2014 were selected as respondents for this study. A questionnaire containing multiple choice questions on different aspect of Lac Production technology was given to the trainees before and after conduct of training. The knowledge level was obtained from the overall mean score of the respondents and based on the mean score, standard deviation was calculated. On the basis of overall mean score and standard deviation the knowledge level of the respondents were classified. Data was tabulated and analyzed. It was observed that a majority of participants were middle age group (35-45 years) and belonged to male gender. It was found that 37.05 percent, 22.22 per cent, 7.40 per cent and 33.33 per cent participants belonged to general caste, backward caste, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe respectively. Majority of the respondents i.e. 51.85 per cent were post graduate and above. It was found that 51.85 per cent belongs to small family. It was found that 44.44 per cent of the respondents had low work experience. Majority of the respondents i.e. 59.26 per cent had not participated in any training programme on lac. Majority of the respondents were having their family monthly income Rs 30,001 and above. Majority of the respondents i.e. 51.85 per cent were not aware about social participation in any organization. It is evident from the study that knowledge level of trainees had increased significantly in all aspect of lac cultivation. The result implies that the trainees were mostly satisfied with the course content as well as the manner in which training was imparted. It can be said that this model training course included nearly all the topics required by the trainees and most of the trainees felt that facilities provided during training were very good.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableICAR- Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums (IINRG), Namkum, Ranchi, Jharkhand has offered One to One programme(OTOP) in a form of consultancy services to different stakeholders of lac. In this programme the farmers were in direct (one to one) interaction with the experts of Institute on different aspects of lac. The objective of this paper is to understand the Queries and expectations of different lac growers. The study was planned at TOT Division based on queries raised by the lac farmers. Queries and expectation were classified in seven different categories of lac cultivation practices like plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata, general lac cultivation, lac cultivation on ber trees, lac cultivation on palas trees, pest management, processing of lac and lac marketing. Queries and expectations were evaluated by the testing tool using proportions and percentage as the main statistical analysis. During 2013, the study revealed that queries and expectations of lac farmers were plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata (66.8%), general lac cultivation (25.4%), pest management (4.2%), lac cultivation on ber trees (1.4%), lac marketing (1.1%), processing of lac (0.7%) and lac cultivation on palas trees (0.4%) respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth and seventh respectively. The major queries comes from the state of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha, Bihar, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth, seventh, eighth, Ninth and tenth respectively. During 2014, the study also revealed that queries and expectations of lac farmers were plantation raising and lac cultivation on Flemingia semialata (37.6%), general lac cultivation (25.0%), lac marketing (9.5%), lac cultivation on palas trees (5.7%), lac cultivation on ber trees (5.1%), Training on lac (5.1%), processing of lac (3.8%), Lac cultivation on Kusum (3.8), pest management (2.8%), handicraft (0.9%) and lac cultivation on minor host plant (0.6%) respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh respectively. The major queries comes from the state of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, Karnataka, Assam and Uttar Pradesh and respectively and ranked as first, second, third, fourth, fifth sixth, seventh and eighth respectively.Not Availabl

ARDefense: DDoS detection and prevention using NFV and SDN

Network Function Virtualization or NFV gives numerous advantages over the conventional networking techniques by incorporating distinctive features of a network over the virtual machine (VM). It decreases capital and operational costs to give more noteworthy adaptability and flexibility. But all of these advantages come at the expense of the intrinsic system vulnerabilities because of specific sorts of cyber attacks like the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. With the increased number of layers in NFV, it becomes easier for an attacker to execute DDoS attack. This study indicates a new model for mitigating the effects of DDoS attacks on NFV. The model has been designed specifically for the individual users especially gamers and online streamers who become victim of DDoS attack on adaily basis. However, the method can be used for a online service like a website in general as well after making certain changes which have been discussed in detail. ARDefense usually performs server migration and IP spoofing when it detects a DDoS attack on the application layer. Effectiveness of ARDefense was tested by measuring load migration and IP spoofing processing time. © 2020 IEEE

Epidemiological and socio-cultural study of burn patients in M. Y. Hospital, Indore, India

Background: Developing countries have a high incidence of burn injuries, creating a formidable public health problem. The exact number of cases is difficult to determine: however in a country like India, with a population of over 1 billion, we would estimate 700,000 to 800,000 burn admissions annually. Objective: The study was done to investigate the epidemiology of various causations and their outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality. Also, the effect of social stigma and cultural issues associated with burns on the victim and his family was assessed. Materials and Methods: All burn cases (n=412) admitted to the burns unit of M. Y. Hospital, Indore over a period of one year (2005-2006) were investigated. The data regarding sex, age predisposition, geographical origin, mode and nature of injury were obtained by questionnaire-interview with the patient themselves. Clinical assessment was done in the form of depth and extent of injury and complications. In case of mortality, again various factors like age, sex and cause of death were analyzed. The data was analyzed by SPSS 11.0 version. The interrelationship between various factors was studied using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results: Burns were found more commonly in middle-aged groups. The incidence was more in females as an absolute number (70.3%) as well as when stratified by age. Most burns were domestic, with cooking being the most prevalent activity. Flame (80.3%) was the most common agent. Most of the cases of burn were accidental (67.7%). Moreover, the patients had third degree burn that leads to more mortality in our circumstances. Death occurred in more than one-half (62.3%) of cases with septicaemia and disseminated intravascular coagulation (35.4%) as the leading causes. When using logistic regression analysis, the outcome of the burn injury was significantly associated with degree, depth, extent and mode of injury. Conclusion: This series provides an overview of the most important aspects of burn injuries for hospital and non-hospital healthcare workers. The majority of deep burns are accidental, seen in middle-aged housewives as a result of flame burns, and lead to death. So measures should be taken to provide proper education to prevent these accidents and ensure safety

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Not AvailableOptimization of processing conditions of milk “coagulum” rings and the effect of incorporation of extenders on their quality and storage stability under ambient temperature conditions.Not Availabl