Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential

Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system1. Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests2,3,4,5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced6 and satellite-derived approaches2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151–363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets

Environmental concerns of fires : facts, figures, questions and new challenges for the future

International audienceThe effect of fires on the environment has been increasingly in the public eye since the chemical warehouse accident in the Sandoz facility in Schweizerhalle in November 1986. This paper presents a discussion of this accident together with a representative sample of other environmentally important case studies related to fires. Modes of interaction with the environment and potential transfer mechanisms are discussed. The impact of fire effluents in both the short and long terms and activities on the quantification of the environmental effect of fires are also presented. Some of the current environmental debates that are interacting with fire prevention and fire firefighting techniques are also discussed, outlining challenging remaining issues. Finally, insight on international action in response to these incidents and related standardisation activities under progress is presente

Critical success factors of construction research and development

Research and development (R&D) activities are important to the construction industry to successfully address the challenges placed upon it and to be competitive. Identifying the factors that influence the success of construction R&D activities is important as such identification would help the research team to concentrate on the most significant and influential factors and the proper management of them to enhance the performance of construction R&D activities. The critical success factors (CSFs) of construction research and development during its different phases namely initiation, conceptualization, development and launch and at the project management stage were evaluated. A questionnaire survey and a series of semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data from academic members and industrial partners who have been involved in construction R&D activities. It revealed that from the initiation to the launch of the R&D project, emphasis was placed on the stakeholders' satisfaction. In contrast, less attention was given to satisfying the researchers' requirements during the R&D project. The principal investigator's role in leading the project and providing sufficient commitment; effective monitoring and controlling of activities, having a proper dissemination plan and effective dissemination of work were also elaborated