Algunes reflexions entorn de la conceptualització de la infància i adolescència en risc social a l'Estat espanyol

L'article realitza una aproximació a les interpretacions del concepte de risc social de la infancia per part de diversos autors d'àmbit estatal, tenint també en compte els marcs legals català i espanyol. Pretén aclarir quins són els criteris valoratius emprats, tant des de l'àmbit acadèmic com del professional, per interpretar les categoritzacions de la infància i l'adolescència en processos de dificultat i precarietat social. Des d'aquesta perspectiva, s'hi analitza l'estreta relació entre factors de risc, desemparament i marginació. S'hi rebutgen les interpretacions que responsabilitzen el propi menor de la desadaptació, i s'hi defensa la hipótesi de la necessitat d'una intervenció socioeducativa que treballi per una disminució dels factors de risc en el propi medi, mantenint el seu protagonisme en aquest procés.This article is an approach to the different acceptances of the concept social risk as well as the terms neglect and maladjustment, based on the reflections made by different authors and both statal and autonomous legal framework. It intends to clarify which are the criteria of values used in academic and professional ambits in order to understand the categoriesfound in the fields of childhood and adolescence in difficult and precarious conditions. The strong relation between risk factors, neglect and margination has been analysed from this point of view. In the same way the interpretations that hold the minor himself responsible for his maladjustment are rejected and the author defends the necessity of a socio-educational intervention, which reduces the risk factors in the child's environment, and the need of paying close attention to the child's main role in this process.El artículo realiza una aproximación a las interpretaciones del concepto de riesgo social de la infancia por parte de diversos autores de ámbito estatal, teniendo también en cuenta los marcos legales catalán y español. Pretende aclarar cuáles son los criterios valorativos utilizados, tanto desde el ámbito academico como profesional, para interpretar las categorizaciones de la infancia en procesos de dificultad y precariedad. Desde esta perspectiva, se analiza la estrecha relación entre factores de riesgo, desamparamiento y marginación. Se rechazan las interpretaciones que responsabilizan al propio menor de la desadaptación y se defiende la hipótesis de la necesidad de una intervención socioeducativa que trabaje para una disminución de los factores de riesgo en el propio medio, manteniendo su protagonismo en este proceso

Active versus Passive Processing of Biological Motion

Johansson’s point-light walker figures remain one of the most powerful and convincing examples of the role that motion can play in the perception of form (Johansson, 1973; 1975). In the current work, we use a dual-task paradigm to explore the role of attention in the processing of such stimuli. In two experiments we find striking differences in the degree to which direction discrimination performance in point–light walker displays appears to rely on attention. Specifically, we find that performance in displays thought to involve top-down processing, either in time (Experiment 1) or space (Experiment 2) is adversely affected by dividing attention. In contrast, dividing attention has little effect on performance in displays that allow low-level, bottom-up computations to be carried out. We interpret these results using the active/passive motion distinction introduced by Cavanagh (1991)

Coherence fields for 3D saliency prediction

In the coherence theory of attention [26] a coherence field is defined by a hierarchy of structures, supporting the activities across the different stages of visual attention. At the interface between low level and mid level attention processing stages are the proto-objects, generated in parallel and collecting features of the scene at specific location and time. These structures fade away if the region is not further attended by attention. We introduce a method to computationally model these structures on the basis of experiments made in dynamic 3D environments, where the only control is due to the Gaze Machine, a gaze measurement framework that can record pupil motion at the required speed and project the point of regard in the 3D space [25],[24]. We show also how, from these volatile structures, it is possible to predict saliency in 3D dynamic environments. © 2013 Springer-Verlag

A hierarchical generative model of recurrent ObjectBased attention in the visual cortex

Abstract. In line with recent work exploring Deep Boltzmann Machines (DBMs) as models of cortical processing, we demonstrate the potential of DBMs as models of object-based attention, combining generative principles with attentional ones. We show: (1) How inference in DBMs can be related qualitatively to theories of attentional recurrent processing in the visual cortex; (2) that deepness and topographic receptive fields are important for realizing the attentional state; (3) how more explicit attentional suppressive mechanisms can be implemented, depending crucially on sparse representations being formed during learning.