Effectiveness of Community Forest Management at reducing deforestation in Madagascar

AbstractCommunity Forest Management (CFM) is a widespread conservation approach in the tropics. It is also promoted as a means by which payment for ecosystem services schemes can be implemented. However, evidence on its performance is weak. We investigated the effectiveness of CFM at reducing deforestation from 2000 to 2010 in Madagascar. To control for factors confounding impact estimates, we used statistical matching. We also contrasted the effects of CFM by whether commercial use of forest resources is allowed or not. We cannot detect an effect, on average, of CFM compared to no CFM, even when we restricted the sample to only where information suggests effective CFM implementation on the ground. Likewise, we cannot detect an effect of CFM where commercial use of natural resources is allowed. However, we can detect a reduction in deforestation in CFM that does not permit commercial uses, compared to no CFM or CFM allowing commercial uses. Our findings suggest that CFM and commercial use of forest resources are not guarantees of forest conservation and that differentiating among types of CFM is important

O formoterol e uma dose média/ elevada de corticosteróides inalados são mais eficazes do que uma dose elevada de corticosteróides na asma moderada e grave

RESUMO: As normas internacionais para o tratamento da asma brônquica recomendam que os doentes com sintomatologia mal controlada com doses baixas/ /intermédias de corticosteróides (CT) inalados sejam submetidos a doses mais elevadas de CT e, se necessário, deverá ser adicionado um β2 agonista de longa duração. No entanto, estudos mais recentes demonstraram que a adição deste fármaco a doses baixas/moderadas de CT inalados permite um melhor controlo da sintomatologia do que a duplicação da dose de CT. O formoterol constitui o β2 agonista de eleição devido ao seu início de acção rápida.O objectivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficácia da associação do β2 agonista formoterol a doses médias/elevadas de CT inalados com a duplicação da dose do CT em indivíduos com asma moderada/grave mal controlada.Foram avaliados doentes com idade superior a 18 anos com asma moderada e grave que apresentavam um FEV1â¥50% do previsto e um aumentoâ¥15% do referido parâmetro após inalação de um broncodilatador de curta duração, tendo sido submetido a terapêutica com CT inalados diariamente (dipropionato de beclometasona 1000 μ - budesonida 800 μg) no mês que precedeu o início do estudo em análise. A existência de, pelo menos, dois dos parâmetros seguintes, nos últimos 7 dias do período de run-in, foi imprescindível: sintomatologia interferindo com as actividades de vida diária; interrupção do sono por sintomas nocturnos, necessidade de terapêutica de alívio numa doseâ¥4 puffs salbutamol/dia; variabilidade diária do PEF (Peak Expiratory Flow)â¥15%.Foram critérios de exclusão: doentes cuja dose do CT inalado diária foi alterada no último mês; indivíduos submetidos a CT oral ou β2 agonista de longa duração no mês precedente; doentes com dificuldade de utilizar o aerolizer apesar da instrução adequada.Tratou-se de um estudo randomizado, duplamente cego, envolvendo 203 indivíduos: 102 submetidos a formoterol 12 μg e dipropionato de beclometasona 500 μg duas vezes/dia; 101 sob este corticosteróide na dose de 1000 μg duas vezes/dia e placebo. Ambos os grupos foram tratados com os referidos fármacos durante 12 semanas. Os doentes estudados apresentavam um FEV1 72% do previsto, uma reversibilidade desencadeada pelo (β2 agonista de curta duração de 27%, scores de sintomas moderados e necessidade de terapêutica de alívio na doseâ¥5 puffs de salbutamol/ dia.A diferença do PEF entre os dois grupos foi de 27,78 1/minuto, sendo favorável à associação formoterol/beclometasona (p=0,0002). Foi observada, também, uma diferença estatisticamente significativa na relação cortisol/ creatinina urinário após o tratamento de 12 semanas (p=0,001), indicando supressão do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário nos doentes sob 1000 μg de dipropionato de beclometasona duas vezes/ dia. Os scores de sintomas foram significativamente mais baixos nos doentes sob terapêutica combinada, sendo a proporção de doentes livres de sintomas durante o dia duas vezes superior neste grupo e a utilização de terapêutica de alívio inferior. COMENTÃRIO: Este estudo demonstra que, no tratamento de doentes com asma moderada/grave não controlada com dipropionato de beclometasona 1000 μg/dia, a adição de formoterol 12 μg duas vezes/dia é mais eficaz do que a duplicação da dose de beclometasona.A terapêutica combinada melhora significativamente os parâmetros objectivos da obstrução das vias aéreas quando comparada com altas doses de corticosteróides inalados. O efeito benéfico de adição de formoterol na função pulmonar tornou-se evidente após quatro semanas de tratamento e permaneceu inalterada até ao fim do estudo. Este efeito pode dever-se ao antagonismo funcional do formoterol à contracção do músculo liso, à sua capacidade de estabilizar os mastócitos ou de reduzir o edema da parede brônquica.As exacerbações ligeiras e moderadas ocorreram com maior frequência no grupo sob altas doses de CT inalados. Estes resultados foram sobreponíveis aos observados anteriormente em doentes com asma ligeira submetidos à associação formoterol/budesonido (dose baixa/intermédia) ou a doses elevadas deste último fármaco. Também neste estudo se verificou um maior número de exacerbações no segundo grupo.Elevadas doses de CT inalados estão relacionadas com significativos efeitos suprarrenais. Assim, a associação de um β2 agonista de longa acção (formoterol) permite o controlo da doença sem necessidade de doses altas de CT inalados. Neste estudo, o quociente cortisol/creatinina urinário foi significativamente menor no grupo sob corticoterapia em dose elevada do que nos indivíduos submetidos a terapêutica combinada, traduzindo uma maior supressão do risco hipotalâmico-hipofisário no primeiro caso. Estes achados vieram confirmar a observação de que o dipropionato de beclometasona na doseâ¥1500 μg/dia exerce um efeito supressor significativo na libertação de cortisol endógeno.A terapêutica combinada de CT inalados e β2 agonistas de longa acção permitiu um bom controlo da asma brônquica, comparativamente a baixas doses de CT, e conduziu à administração dos fármacos inalados em doses fixas através de um dispositivo único. Ringdal e colaboradores compararam a eficácia do salmeterol 50 μg/ fluticasona 250 μg utilizando Diskus duas vezes/dia com o formoterol 12 μg/ budesonido 500 μg administrados separadamente através do Turbohaler duas vezes/ /dia. A primeira associação foi significativamente superior na redução das exacerbações de asma e dos sintomas nocturnos, apesar da dose mais baixa de fluticasona comparada com a de budesonido. Estes resultados não são, no entanto, inesperados, visto a fluticasona ser mais potente do que o budesonido.Apesar de a administração de fármacos em doses fixas num único dispositivo ter vantagens adicionais em termos de aderência ao tratamento e conveniência, não apresenta grande flexibilidade no ajuste da dose durante as exacerbações. São, assim, necessários novos estudos para avaliar os dispositivos mais apropriados, de forma a obter o maior sinergismo de acção entre β2 agonista de longa duração e os CT inalados. Palavras-chave: Asma moderada/grave, β2 agonista de longa acção, formoterol, corticosteróides inalados, beclometason

The Calan-Hertfordshire Extrasolar Planet Search

The detailed study of the exoplanetary systems HD189733 and HD209458 has given rise to a wealth of exciting information on the physics of exoplanetary atmospheres. To further our understanding of the make-up and processes within these atmospheres we require a larger sample of bright transiting planets. We have began a project to detect more bright transiting planets in the southern hemisphere by utilising precision radial-velocity measurements. We have observed a constrained sample of bright, inactive and metal-rich stars using the HARPS instrument and here we present the current status of this project, along with our first discoveries which include a brown dwarf/extreme-Jovian exoplanet found in the brown dwarf desert region around the star HD191760 and improved orbits for three other exoplanetary systems HD48265, HD143361 and HD154672. Finally, we briefly discuss the future of this project and the current prospects we have for discovering more bright transiting planets.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in the conference proceedings "New Technologies for Probing the Diversity of Brown Dwarfs and Exoplanets" Shanghai 200

Validation of spallation neutron production and propagation within Geant4

Using simulations to understand backgrounds from muon-induced neutrons is important in designing next-generation low-background underground experiments. Validation of relevant physics within the Geant4 simulation package has been completed by comparing to data from two recent experiments. Verification focused on the production and propagation of neutrons at energies important to underground experiments. Discrepancies were observed between experimental data and the simulation. Techniques were explored to correct for these discrepancies.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables, submitted to NIM A. 6 Aug 200

Mean Field Theory of Sandpile Avalanches: from the Intermittent to the Continuous Flow Regime

We model the dynamics of avalanches in granular assemblies in partly filled rotating cylinders using a mean-field approach. We show that, upon varying the cylinder angular velocity $\omega$, the system undergoes a hysteresis cycle between an intermittent and a continuous flow regimes. In the intermittent flow regime, and approaching the transition, the avalanche duration exhibits critical slowing down with a temporal power-law divergence. Upon adding a white noise term, and close to the transition, the distribution of avalanche durations is also a power-law. The hysteresis, as well as the statistics of avalanche durations, are in good qualitative agreement with recent experiments in partly filled rotating cylinders.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX 3.0, postscript figures 1, 3 and 4 appended

Recoil Order Chiral Corrections to Baryon Octet Axial Currents and Large NcN_c QCD

We compute the chiral corrections to octet baryon axial currents through ${\cal O}(p^3)$ in heavy baryon chiral perturbation theory, including both octet and decuplet baryon intermediate states. We include the latter in a consistent way by using the small scale expansion. We find that, in contrast to the situation at ${\cal O}(p^2)$, there exist no cancellations between octet and decuplet contributions at ${\cal O}(p^3)$. Consequently, the ${\cal O}(p^3)$ corrections spoil the expected scaling behavior of the chiral expansion. We discuss this result in terms of the $1/N_c$ expansion. We also consider the implications for determination of the strange quark contribution to the nucleon spin from polarized deep inelastic scattering data.Comment: 7 page

VIP enhances TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion of pituitary tumours Studies with 31P NMR

AbstractIntravenous thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) caused a 6.5-fold increase in plasma prolactin (PRL) in rats carrying implanted pituitary tumours. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) had no effect, but TRH given after VIP raised TRH stimulated secretion 13-fold above basal. 31P NMR spectroscopy showed that VIP caused a decrease in high energy metabolites (depleted phosphocreatine, elevated inorganic phosphate and lowered intracellular pH). TRH alone caused a similar but smaller effect; given after VIP, it caused no detectable depletion. We suggest that the changes in high energy metabolite cencentrations reflect increased cellular energy consumption consistent with a priming process (stage 1) in PRL secretion, followed by hormone release (stage 2). VIP induces stage 1 whereas RTH induced both stages

Pleasure and pedagogy: the consumption of DVD add-ons among Irish teenagers

This article addresses the issue of young people and media use in the digital age, more specifically the interconnection between new media pleasures and pedagogy as they relate to the consumption of DVD add-ons. Arguing against the view of new media as having predominantly detrimental effects on young people, the authors claim that new media can enable young people to develop media literacy skills and are of the view that media literacy strategies must be based on an understanding and legitimating of young people's use patterns and pleasures. The discussion is based on a pilot research project on the use patterns and pleasures of use with a sample of Irish teenagers. They found that DVDs were used predominantly in the home context, and that, while there was variability in use between the groups, overall they developed critical literacy skills and competences which were interwoven into their social life and projects of identity construction. The authors suggest that these findings could be used to develop DVDs and their add-on features as a learning resource in the more formal educational setting and they go on to outline the potential teaching benefits of their use across a range of pedagogical areas

Power Spectrum Analysis of Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Decay-Rate Data: Evidence for Solar Rotational Modulation

Evidence for an anomalous annual periodicity in certain nuclear decay data has led to speculation concerning a possible solar influence on nuclear processes. We have recently analyzed data concerning the decay rates of Cl-36 and Si-32, acquired at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), to search for evidence that might be indicative of a process involving solar rotation. Smoothing of the power spectrum by weighted-running-mean analysis leads to a significant peak at frequency 11.18/yr, which is lower than the equatorial synodic rotation rates of the convection and radiative zones. This article concerns measurements of the decay rates of Ra-226 acquired at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Germany. We find that a similar (but not identical) analysis yields a significant peak in the PTB dataset at frequency 11.21/yr, and a peak in the BNL dataset at 11.25/yr. The change in the BNL result is not significant since the uncertainties in the BNL and PTB analyses are estimated to be 0.13/yr and 0.07/yr, respectively. Combining the two running means by forming the joint power statistic leads to a highly significant peak at frequency 11.23/yr. We comment briefly on the possible implications of these results for solar physics and for particle physics.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figure

Projected shell model study of odd-odd f-p-g shell proton-rich nuclei

A systematic study of 2-quasiparticle bands of the proton-rich odd-odd nuclei in the mass A ~ 70-80 region is performed using the projected shell model approach. The study includes Br-, Rb-, and Y-isotopes with N = Z+2, and Z+4. We describe the energy spectra and electromagnetic transition strengths in terms of the configuration mixing of the angular-momentum projected multi-quasiparticle states. Signature splitting and signature inversion in the rotational bands are discussed and are shown to be well described. A preliminary study of the odd-odd N = Z nucleus, 74Rb using the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is also presented.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, final version accepted by Phys. Rev.