The Design of Application-Tailorable Operating System Product Lines

System software for deeply embedded devices has to cope with a broad variety of requirements and platforms, but especially with strict resource constraints. To compete against proprietary systems (and thereby to facilitate reuse), an operating system product line for deeply embedded systems has to be highly configurable and tailorable. It is therefore crucial that all selectable and configurable features can be encapsulated into fine-grained, exchangeable and reusable implementation components. However, the encapsulation of non-functional properties is often limited, due to their cross-cutting character. Fundamental system policies, like synchronization or activation points for the scheduler, have typically to be reflected in many points of the operating system component code. The presented approach is based on feature modeling, C++ class composition and overcomes the above mentioned problems by means of aspect-oriented programming (AOP). It facilitates a finegrained encapsulation and configuration of even non-functional properties in system software

Studies on digestive physiology and feed digestibilities in captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

We performed intake, digestibility and ingesta passage studies in 11 Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) from four zoological institutions, using total faecal collection for the quantification of faecal output. The regularly fed zoo ration of roughage and concentrates (ration RC) and a roughage-only ration (ration R) were used; the roughage source differed between the facilities and comprised grass hay, grass silage, straw and lucerne hay. Dry matter intake ranged between 0.8 and 1.3% of body weight on ration RC and 0.5-1.2% on ration R. Digestibility coefficients achieved were similar to those reported for horses on diets of comparable composition. Endogenous losses as determined by linear regression analysis were within the range reported for horses. Measurements of faecal volatile fatty acids, faecal lactate and faecal pH also showed similarity to similar measurements in horses. The mean retention times of fluids (Co-EDTA) and particles (Cr-mordanted fibre < 2 mm) in the whole gastrointestinal tract averaged 42 and 61 h, respectively, and were the longest ever recorded in a monogastric ungulate with this marker system. The results suggest that the horse is a useful model animal for designing diets for Indian rhinoceroses. Why digestive parameters are similar between these species in spite of enormous differences in body weight and retention times remains to be answered

Carbohydrate metabolism and metabolic disorders in horses Metabolismo de carboidratos e disfunções metabólicas em equinos

Horses evolved consuming primarily fermentable forage carbohydrates, but forage diets have been traditionally supplemented with grain meals rich in starch and sugar in order to provide additional calories, protein and micronutrients. Starch and sugar are important for performance horses, but the consumption starch-rich meals may cause equine digestive and metabolic disorders. The critical capacity for preileal starch digestibility appears to be 0.35 to 0.4% but may be as little, depending on the source of starch. Small intestinal absorption of simple sugars is limited by the activity and expression of two classes of glucose carrier proteins, which are affected by chronic intake of hydrolyzable carbohydrate but may be sluggish to respond to abrupt changes in diet, further exacerbating the risk of overload. The most rapid fermentation occurs during starch overload or in the presence of fructans. Rapid fermentation perturbs the microbial and pH balance of the cecum and colon, favoring proliferation of Lactobacillus spp and acid production and increasing the risk of colic and laminitis. In addition to digestive disturbances, feeding grain concentrates rich in hydrolyzable carbohydrate may increase the risk of insulin resistance, which has been associated with obesity, laminitis and chronic founder, developmental orthopedic disease, and Cushing's disease in horses. This threshold concentration of starch intake may be a starting point for horse owners, feed manufacturers and veterinarians that may be claimed to be "low" enough to reduce risk in insulin resistant horses sensitive to grain-associated disorders.<br>Equinos desenvolvem-se consumindo primordialmente os carboidratos fermentáveis das forragens, porém as dietas a base de forragens vem sendo suplementadas com dietas a base de grãos, ricas em amido e açúcar, visando fornecer adicionais calorias, proteínas e micronutrientes. Amido e açucares são importantes para os equinos atletas, porém o consumo de dietas ricas em amido pode causar problemas digestivos e metabólicos aos equinos. A capacidade critica da digestão pré-ileal do amido varia entre 0,35 a 0,4%, podendo ser inferior, dependendo da fonte de amido. A absorção de açucares simples, no intestino delgado, depende da expressão de suas proteínas carreadoras de glicose, as quais são afetadas pela ingestão continua de carboidratos solúveis, porém podem ser mais vagarosas a responder a mudanças abruptas na dieta prevenindo o risco da sobrecarga. A fermentação mais rápida ocorre quando amido não digerido no intestino delgado adentra o intestino grosso e na presença de frutanas. A rápida fermentação perturba o equilíbrio da microbial e do pH de ceco e colon, favorecendo a proliferação de Lactobacillus spp e produção de ácido lático, aumentando o risco de cólicas e laminite. Adicionalmente aos distúrbios digestivos, dietas a base de grãos com alta concentração de carboidratos hidrolisáveis, pode aumentar o risco de resistência a insulina, a qual vem sendo associada com obesidade, laminite, distúrbios crônicos e desenvolvimento de problemas ortopédicos. O valor mínimo de ingestão de amido pode ser um ponto inicial na dieta de cavalos vencedores, processamento de alimentos e veterinários que podem estar recomendado a ser baixo o suficiente para reduzir o risco de resistência e insulina em equinos sensíveis a distúrbios associados a grãos