Fair trade learning: ethical standards for community-engaged international volunteer tourism

The purpose of this paper is to articulate a set of ethical standards for international volunteer tourism. The standards are focused on promoting fair trade learning principles in the management and operation of volunteer programmes. Because of the unique social mission, research, and evaluation capacities of higher education, we propose first applying these principles specifically to international volunteer programmes operating at the university-community nexus. These standards have emerged through a collaborative, in-person and online process during the last two years with input by numerous concerned global citizens, international education practitioners and researchers, nongovernmental organization representatives, and community members. The document shared below represents current ‘best practice’ for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the negative impacts of volunteer tourism programmes for both host communities and volunteers

Characterization of probability distributions based on a generalized Rao-Rubin condition

This paper presents a simple solution to the problem of characterzing the distribution of a non-degenerate, non-negative, integral valued Z, subjected to a destructive process when the damage model is binomial and when the Generalized Rao-Rubin condition holds true, namely, Pr(X=r|π1)=Pr(X=r|Y=0,π2,0<π1,π2<1,Z=X+Y,X and Y are independent r.v.s

Antiimplantation agents: Part IV. 4-Benzhydrylidenepiperidines & tetrahydropyran analogues of F 6066

Several α-(4-pyridyl)benzhydrols (8) have been synthesised by Grignard reaction on 4-aroylpyridines (6) or ethyl isonicotinate (7). The quaternary salts,9 of 8 are reduced catalytically to α-(4-piperidyi)benzhydrols (10) which undergo dehydration to benzhydrylidenepiperidines (11). Demethylation of 11c with HBr affords 11d which is further acelylated to provide 11e, an azaisoster of F 6066. Reduction of 9 with sodium borohydride furnishes the tetrahydropyridyl derivatives (12) which undergo acid-catalysed rearrangement to the benzhydrylidenepiperidin-3-ols 13 (14). Treatment of ethyl tetrahydropyran-4-earboxylate with p-anisylmagnesium bromide affords the benzhydrol (19), which is dehydrated to 20. Among the compounds tested, 8b-8d show moderate antiimplantation activity in rats

Synthesis and oral hypoglycemic properties of two 4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole-3-acetic acids

Condensation of β -acetyl-2-hydroxy-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxo-1-cyclohexene-1-propionic acid(3) with n-butyl and isobutylamines affords the title acids 4 and 5, respectively, which show good oral hypoglycemic activity in normal rats. Acids 4 and 5, are also active in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Results of extensive pharmacological and acute toxicity tests are reported

Antiimplantation agents: Part III. 1,2-Diaryl-4,5-polymethylenepyrroles & 1,2-diaryl-4-oxo- & 1,2-diaryl-4-hydraxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles

2-Phenacylcycloalkanones(3) and anilines give rise to polymcthylcricpyrroles(4). Pyrrolopipcridinc(10) is likewise obtained from 2-phenacylpiperidotie (9). 2-phenacylcycli]hcxanc-1,3-dioncs undergo condensation with anilines to form 1,2-dinryl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles (15) and with a variety of other amines to give 28, while 2-acetonyldimedone and p-fluoroaniline afford 32. Some members of 15, and 28a and 32 are reduced to alcohols 20, 29 and 33 respectively. Attempted dehydration of 20d and acylation of 33 lead to the formation of dimers 21 and 34, while hydrogenolysis of the former transforms it to 22. 15c and 15n are converted into azepinones 24c and 24a via oximes 16c and 16a. 24a is aminoalkylated to 24b and reduced to 27.4c and 15c undergo Mannich reaction at β-position of the pyrrole ring to form 5 and 18a, while I5n is attacked at a position a to the C = 0 group giving a mixture of 18b and 19b. Perhydroindoline 36 is obtained from 2-allyldimedone. l,2-Diary)-4-acetyl-5-methylpyrroles 38a and 38b made available from triketone 37 are reduced to alcohols 39a and 39b. Several compounds of the study exhibit antiimplantation activity in the rat, among which the ethers 4m, 4n and 4p of l-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenyl-4,5-polymethylenepyrroles, l,2-diaryl-4-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles (l5e, 15n. 15w and 15z), l,2-diaryl-4-hydroxy-4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindoles [20a, 20d (C 6924-Go) arid 20c] and the desoxy derivative 22 of 224 are effective at a dose of 10 mg/kg p.o. x 6 days or less. Compounds 4p (MED100 1 mg), 20d (MED100 2mg) and 22(MED100 1 mg) show no dissociation between antiimplantation and estrogenic activities. Detailed studies on C-6924 reveal that it owes its activity to weak estrogenic-antiestrogenic properties