Brentano and Freud: intentionality and representational theory in “Zur Auffassung der Aphasien” (1891)

Amongst the most seminal writers who influenced Freud's thought is the one who for two years was his Professor of philosophy at the University of Vienna: Franz Brentano. The interlocution between Brentano's philosophy and Freudian psychoanalysis presents itself today as a really broad field of research, made feasible after the publication of the letters of youth exchanged between Freud and his friend Eduard Silberstein, thanks to which it was possible to affirm with significant degree of certainty the whole extent of Brentano's influence on Freud's work. The present work intends to be inserted in this field of investigations. We argue that it is from the Brentanian conception of the psychical phenomenon (psychische Phänomen) that Freud will sketch the broad frame of the psychic reality (psychische Realität) as "a special form of existence which should not be confused with material reality” (Freud, S. Die Traumdeutung, 1914, p. 480). Therefore, we propose to describe the Brentanian conception of intentionality present in the Psychologie vom empirischen Standkpunkt (1874) and to analyze the resonances of this concept in the Freudian theory of representation (Vorstellung). This theory, which reflects Brentano's most fundamental thesis - the impossibility of an act of representation occurring in the absence of a represented object - appears for the first time in the text Zur Auffassung der Aphasien. Eine kritische Studie (The Interpretation of Aphasia. A Critical Study) of 1891

Matching fields of a long superconducting film

We obtain the vortex configurations, the matching fields and the magnetization of a superconducting film with a finite cross section. The applied magnetic field is normal to this cross section, and we use London theory to calculate many of its properties, such as the local magnetic field, the free energy and the induction for the mixed state. Thus previous similar theoretical works, done for an infinitely long superconducting film, are recovered here, in the special limit of a very long cross section.Comment: Contains a REVTeX file and 4 figure

Влияние анатомических реконструкций связок на комплекс голеностопного сустава: исследование in vitro

The three-dimensional kinematics of both the ankle and the subtalar joints was examined after cutting and subsequent repairing the lateral ligaments using three anatomical procedures: direct repair, tendon graft and carbon-fibre implant. All procedures restored the original kinematics of the subtalar joint, except the plantar/dorsiflexion. For the talocrural joint, the tendon graft and the carbon fibre implant left a minimal laxity for the inversion/eversion and internal/external rotation movements. The direct repair procedure restored the physiologic kinematics almost completely and gave the best results, allowing to restore almost completely the physiologic kinematics. Each procedure respected the insertion points and the directions of the original ligaments. However, the different results for the direct repair and the other two anatomical procedures show that this condition alone is not sufficient to restore the kinematics of the talocrural and subtalar joints perfectly. None of the procedures caused a movement restriction. Thus, we recommend the direct repair of the ligaments as the method of choice. If the quality or the conditions of the ligaments do not allow a direct repair, we recommend to use another anatomical reconstruction.Представлены результаты экспериментального биомеханического исследования трёхмерной кинематики подтаранного и голеностопного суставов после рассечения латерального связочного аппарата, а также после трёх различных операций на связках: 1) непосредственно сухожильного шва; 2) с использованием свободного аутотрансплантата из сухожилия m. peroneus brevis; 3) пластики с применением алллотрансплантата, содержащего углеродистую ткань. Анатомические реконструктивные вмешательства на латеральном связочном аппарате голеностопного сустава, которые учитывают естественные точки прикрепления связок, а также их физиологическое протяжение, не привели к какому-либо ограничению естественной амплитуды движений стопы. Таким образом, при помощи анатомической реконструкции связок удалось достичь нормальной свободы движения в подтаранном и голеностопном суставах. При этом лучшие результаты здесь показал непосредственно шов, или же костная реинсерция. Ограничения движения в подтаранном и голеностопном суставах не наблюдалось. Непосредственный шов, или же костная реинсерция связок, предлагается в качестве метода выбора при лечении механически обусловленной хронической нестабильности голеностопного сустава. Если состояние остатков связочного аппарата не позволяет выполнить непосредственно шов связок, следует применять иной анатомический метод

Non-Magnetic Spinguides and Spin Transport in Semiconductors

We propose the idea of a "spinguide", i.e. the semiconductor channel which is surrounded with walls from the diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) with the giant Zeeman splitting which are transparent for electrons with the one spin polarization only. These spinguides may serve as sources of a spin-polarized current in non-magnetic conductors, ultrafast switches of a spin polarization of an electric current and, long distances transmission facilities of a spin polarization (transmission distances can exceed a spin-flip length). The selective transparence of walls leads to new size effects in transport.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Theoretical X-Ray Absorption Debye-Waller Factors

An approach is presented for theoretical calculations of the Debye-Waller factors in x-ray absorption spectra. These factors are represented in terms of the cumulant expansion up to third order. They account respectively for the net thermal expansion $\sigma^{(1)}(T)$, the mean-square relative displacements $\sigma^2(T)$, and the asymmetry of the pair distribution function $\sigma^{(3)}(T)$. Similarly, we obtain Debye-Waller factors for x-ray and neutron scattering in terms of the mean-square vibrational amplitudes $u^2(T)$. Our method is based on density functional theory calculations of the dynamical matrix, together with an efficient Lanczos algorithm for projected phonon spectra within the quasi-harmonic approximation. Due to anharmonicity in the interatomic forces, the results are highly sensitive to variations in the equilibrium lattice constants, and hence to the choice of exchange-correlation potential. In order to treat this sensitivity, we introduce two prescriptions: one based on the local density approximation, and a second based on a modified generalized gradient approximation. Illustrative results for the leading cumulants are presented for several materials and compared with experiment and with correlated Einstein and Debye models. We also obtain Born-von Karman parameters and corrections due to perpendicular vibrations.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure

Superconducting-coil--resistor circuit with electric field quadratic in the current

It is shown for the first time that the observed [Phys. Lett. A 162 (1992) 105] potential difference Phi_t between the resistor and the screen surrounding the circuit is caused by polarization of the resistor because of the kinetic energy of the electrons of the superconducting coil. The proportionality of Phi_t to the square of the current and to the length of the superconducting wire is explained. It is pointed out that measuring Phi_t makes it possible to determine the Fermi quasimomentum of the electrons of a metal resistor.Comment: 2 pages, 1 figur

Symmetry of the remanent state flux distribution in superconducting thin strips: Probing the critical state

The critical-state in a thin strip of YBaCuO is studied by magneto-optical imaging. The distribution of magnetic flux density is shown to have a specific symmetry in the remanent state after a large applied field. The symmetry was predicted [PRL 82, 2947 (1999)] for any Jc(B), and is therefore suggested as a simple tool to verify the applicability of the critical-state model. At large temperatures we find deviations from this symmetry, which demonstrates departure from the critical-state behavior. The observed deviations can be attributed to an explicit coordinate dependence of $j_c$ since both a surface barrier, and flux creep would break the symmetry in a different way.Comment: 5 pages including 5 eps figures, submitted to PR

Flux-Induced Vortex in Mesoscopic Superconducting Loops

We predict the existence of a quantum vortex for an unusual situation. We study the order parameter in doubly connected superconducting samples embedded in a uniform magnetic field. For samples with perfect cylindrical symmetry, the order parameter has been known for long and no vortices are present in the linear regime. However, if the sample is not symmetric, there exist ranges of the field for which the order parameter vanishes along a line, parallel to the field. In many respects, the behavior of this line is qualitatively different from that of the vortices encountered in type II superconductivity. For samples with mirror symmetry, this flux-induced vortex appears at the thin side for small fluxes and at the opposite side for large fluxes. We propose direct and indirect experimental methods which could test our predictions.Comment: 6 pages, Latex, 4 figs., uses RevTex, extended to situations far from cylindrical symmetr