Thermodynamic Stability of Sn4, Sn5, Sn6, and Sn7 Clusters by Knudsen Cell Mass Spectrometry

The Knudsen cell mass spectrometric method has been employed to measure the partial pressures of Sn[sub n] (n=1-7) under equilibrium conditions above liquid tin or a tin-gold alloy, contained in a graphite Knudsen cell. From the all-gas analyzed equilibria the following atomization enthalpies Δ[sub a]H[sub 0][sup °](Sn[sub n]), and enthalpies of formation, Δ[sub f]H[sub 298.15][sup °](Sn[sub n]), in kJ mol-1, have been obtained: Sn[sub 4], 750.2±14 and 450.6±14; Sn[sub 5], 990.2±22 and 512.3±22; Sn[sub 6], 1349.7±28 and 452.8±28; Sn[sub 7], 1644.2±37 and 460.0±37. The atomization energies are compared with available theoretical values

Atomization Enthalpies and Enthalpies of Formation of the Germanium Clusters, Ge5, Ge6, Ge7, and Ge8 by Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry

The high-temperature mass spectrometric method was employed to measure the equilibrium partial pressures of small germanium clusters above liquid germanium contained in a graphite Knudsen cell. These data were combined with new thermal functions, calculated from recent theoretical and spectroscopic molecular parameters, to evaluate the atomization enthalpies and enthalpies of formation of Ge[sub 5]-Ge[sub 8]. Mass spectrometric equilibrium data available in literature were also reevaluated. The following atomization enthalpies, Δ[sub a]H[sub 0][sup o](Ge[sub n],g) and enthalpies of formation Δ[sub f]H[sub 298.15][sup o](Ge[sub n],g), in kJ mol-1, have been obtained: Ge[sub 5], 1313±27 and 548±27, Ge[sub 6], 1649±33 and 583±33, Ge[sub 7], 2008±42 and 598±42, Ge[sub 8], 2359±60 and 618±60. The atomization energies are compared with available theoretical values

Holographic Duals of Quark Gluon Plasmas with Unquenched Flavors

We review the construction of gravitational solutions holographically dual to N=1 quiver gauge theories with dynamical flavor multiplets. We focus on the D3-D7 construction and consider the finite temperature, finite quark chemical potential case where there is a charged black hole in the dual solution. Discussed physical outputs of the model include its thermodynamics (with susceptibilities) and general hydrodynamic properties.Comment: Lecture presented at the Workshop "AdS/CFT and Novel Approaches to Hadron and Heavy Ion Physics", Kavli Institute of Theoretical Physics (KITPC), Beijing, China, 13 October 2010. Review article to be published in Communications in Theoretical Physics. 27 pages, 2 figure

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

ANHARMONICTTY OF TILE VIBRATIONS OF SiC2SiC_{2} AND Si2CSi_{2} C AT 2000

1. T. J. Butenhoff and E. A. Rohlfing, J. Chem. Phys. 95, 1 (1991). 2. J. D. Presilla-Maiquez and W. R. M. Graham. J. Chem. Phys. 95, 5612 (1991).Author Institution: Dept. of Chemistry, Texas A\&M University, College StationButenhoff and $Rohlfing^{1}$ report that $SiC_{2}$ has an anharmonic ground state, based on Laser-induced fluorescence studies. Presilla-Marquez and $Graham^{2}$ report that $SiC_{2}$ is a floppy molecule with a bending frequency of $166 cm^{-1}$. Therefore $SiC_{2}$ and perhaps $Si_{2}C$ may have some anharmonic behavior which can show up in Kundsen effusion mass spectrometric studies as is the case for $C_{3}$. A thorough Knudsen-effusion mass spectrometric study of $SiC_{2}$ and $Si_{2}C$ was carried out: a total of 46 data sets of $SiC_{2}$ and 52 data seta of $Si_{2}C$ over a temperature range of 1760-2080 K were obtained. Although the main objective of this study was to measure the atomization enthalpies of small silicon-carbide clusters; we also wanted to determine the effect of any anharmonic of $SiC_{2}$ and $Si_{2}C$ on the experimental result, ~2000 K. Atomization enthalpies of $\Delta H_{a,0}=1247 \pm 7$ and $\Delta H_{a,0}=1048 \pm 10$ kJ $mol^{-1}$ are selected for $SiC_{2}$ and $Si_{2}C$

THE ENTHALPY OF FORMATION OF C3C_{3}

$^{1.}$ M. W. Chase, Jr., C. A. Davies, J. R. Downey, Jr., D. J. Frurip, R. A. McDonald and A. N. Syverud, JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third edition, (1986).Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Texas A\&M UniversityThe anharmonic nature of the $\nu_{2}$ bending vibration of $C_{3}$ has a large influence on the thermal functions of this molecule. The thermal functions based on four different models of this bending vibration are considered along with mass spectrometric data of $C_{3}$ collected both in our laboratory and in other laboratories. The thermal functions reported by Chase et al. $(1986)^{1}$ are selected as giving the best second and third law enthalpy of formation. The selected enthalpy of formation for $C_{3}$ is $\Delta H_{f,0}=814 \pm 14$ or $\Delta H_{f,298}=823 \pm 14$ kJ/mol. The effects of the different models of the bending vibration on the enthalpy of formation will be presented