Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH): Synthesis, properties, and applications - A review

The development of biobased and environmental-friendly polymeric materials to replace petroleum-based plastics is one of the main global challenges nowadays. Among biopolymers, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have gained increasing attention due to their compostability under environmental conditions. Copolymers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with comonomers belonging to PHA types have been developed to tackle better processability, higher ductility, and better impact properties. These common copolymers could be listed as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH). Compared to PHB and PHBV, PHBH has revealed a wider processing window with better thermal stability and more promising mechanical performance due to its tailorable composition of both highly crystalline (3HB) and elastomeric (3HH) units. The increase in 3HH unit content decreases the crystallinity and the melting temperature, which broadens the processing window with minimized thermal degradation. Therefore, PHBH could be employed in applications where both flexibility and room temperature compostability are required. However, PHBH has received minimal attention due to its low availability in the market, high cost, strict confidentiality of the polymer manufacturers, and continuous evolution in the synthesis stage. This article reviews the achievements in PHBH synthesis and the dependency of PHBH thermal, mechanical, and physical properties on the 3HH content. It also explores PHBH compostability and degradation behavior and the attempts made to develop PHBH based blends and composites. It further discusses the challenges and future perspectives for the usage of PHBH in various industrial applications

Characterization of Morphologies of Compatibilized Polypropylene/Polystyrene Blends with Nanoparticles via Nonlinear Rheological Properties from FT-Rheology

Linear and nonlinear viscoelastic properties under dynamic oscillatory shear flow were used to investigate the effects of compatibilization on polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends. Two different nanoparticles (organo-modified clay and fumed silica) were used at various concentrations. To analyze nonlinear stress under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) flow, nonlinearity (I3/1) was calculated from FT-rheology. To quantify the degree of dispersion of different particles at various concentrations, a new parameter, nonlinear–linear viscoelastic ratio (NLR ≡ normalized nonlinear viscoelasticity/normalized linear viscoelasticity), was used. The relationship was determined between NLR value and PS droplet size in the PP matrix. From the TEM images, clay was located mostly at the interface or partially inside the PS drops, thereby reinforcing the compatibilization effect. Therefore, clay increased the dispersion morphologies of the PP/PS blends. In contrast, fumed silica was located mostly inside the PS droplets, which means the morphologies of PP/PS blends were not improved. Linear viscoelasticities of both PP/PS/clay and PP/PS/silica showed improvements at elevated particle concentrations. NLR values for the PP/PS/Clay blends were larger than 1 (NLR > 1), whereas NLR values for the PP/PS/silica blends were less than 1 (NLR < 1). Therefore, NLR could be classified into two categories depending on morphology. Based on these results, NLR can be used to distinguish between the effects of two different types of nanoparticles on the morphologies of PP/PS blends