Gendered Literacy in Black and White: Turn-of-the-Century African-American and European-American Club Women\u27s Printed Texts

At the turn of the century women across the United States had organized themselves into a variety of single-sex groups to effect social change. Yet most of the shared spaces of agency that women seemed to control were shaped-often, in fact, constrained-by forces beyond them, so that what looked like women-led initiatives functioned in a context where female agency was highly contested. The women\u27s club movement created one such complex social space. Clubs flourished between 1880 and the mid-1920s, leading an estimated two million women from varying class, racial, and ethnic religious backgrounds to join organizations or self-improvement and social benevolence. Club women from all social locations enacted a variety of cultural practices including pageants, banquets, and musical productions that fostered solidarity within groups and, in some cases, enhanced their standing within the larger community. Producing and circulating their own printed texts constituted another of club women\u27s cultural practices, and these activities occupy our attention here because of their capacity for fostering women\u27s self-representation and because of the cultural authority assigned to print

The Iowa Homemaker vol.5, no.10

Table of Contents Right Family Relationships by Mrs. Minnie Allen, page 1 Refinishing Your Personality by Thirza Hull, page 2 Changing a House Into a Home by R. M. Ballie, page 2 Ethics of the Crew by Ruth M. Lindquist, page 3 Housecleaning by Edith Ruggles, page 4 Girls’ 4-H Page, page 5 With the Iowa State Home Economics Association, page 6 Editorial, page 7 Who’s There and Where, page 8 Impressions of a Marketing Trip, page 9 The Eternal Question, page 10 Pottery – It’s Use in the Home, page 1

Investigation of Fatigue Crack Initiation and Growth in Cast MAR-M247 Subjected to Low Cycle Fatigue at Room Temperature

MC carbide particles (with Hafnium and/or Tantalum as constituent metallic element, M) were observed to crack extensively in a cast polycrystalline nickel-base superalloy, MAR-M247, when subjected to low-cycle fatigue loading at room temperature. High resolution secondary electron images taken on the surface of a double edge notch test specimen revealed that approximately half the carbide particles cracked in the highly-strained notch section of the specimen. These images further illustrated that the average surface area of cracked particles was approximately three times that of the uncracked particles. Additional analysis illustrated that the cracks within a large number of particles aligned nearly perpendicular to the loading direction. However, high aspect ratio particles (with aspect ratio >3) were prone to incubate cracks aligned along its major axis, independent of the loading direction. Additionally, forward-scattered imaging often showed a high density of slip bands interaction with most of the particles which cracked. The life limiting crack growth in MAR-M247 was observed to be crystallographic in nature, as the crack grew along slip bands as measured by high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction, even after spanning many grains. Statistically representative microstructure models of MAR-M247 were generated and used in the crystal plasticity finite element simulations. As expected, there was a significant variation in the computed stress state among constituent carbide particles. The stress state of the carbide particles was found to be heavily influenced by the stress in surrounding grains and the orientation of the major axis of the particles with respect to applied load direction. For particles that intersect the free-surface, stress was found to be highly concentrated at the free surface and a positive correlation between the magnitude of free-surface area and the maximum principal stress was found. Additionally, high stress concentrations were observed in regions where carbide particles intersect grain boundaries

Development of a Data-Based Method for Performance Monitoring of Heat Exchangers

A multivariate analysis method is developed for processing measurements, and for detecting and isolating faults and monitoring performance degradation in heat exchanger control loops. A heat exchanger inside a typical temperature to flow cascade loop is considered. This system includes a constant speed pump with flow control valves, pressure and temperature measurement. A proportional-integral-differential (PID) controller is used to maintain a temperature set point for the exit flow on one side of the exchanger. A thermal-fluid model for the components in the system is developed. A Fault Detection and Isolation (FDI) rule-base is formulated from results of simulations performed using these models. Measurements from an installed laboratory heat exchanger control loop are also used. Faults simulated and induced on the physical heat exchanger loop include tube fouling, sensor drift, fluid leakage, unresponsive valves, plugged process lines, and controller errors. The rule base allows the identification of faults in a heat exchanger control loop given suitable process measurements

An introductory view on archaeoastronomy

Archaeoastronomy is still a marginalised topic in academia and is described by the Sophia Centre, the only UK institution offering a broader MA containing this field, as ‘the study of the incorporation of celestial orientation, alignments or symbolism in human monuments and architecture’. By many it is associated with investigating prehistoric monuments such as Stonehenge and combining astronomy and archaeology. The following will show that archaeoastronomy is far more than just an interdisciplinary field linking archaeology and astronomy. It merges aspects of anthropology, ethno-astronomy and even educational research, and is possibly better described as cultural astronomy. In the past decades it has stepped away from its quite speculative beginnings that have led to its complete rejection by the archaeology community. Overcoming these challenges it embraced full heartedly solid scientific and statistical methodology and achieved more credibility. However, in recent times the humanistic influences of a cultural context motivate a new generation of archaeoastronomers that are modernising this subject; and humanists might find it better described as post-modern archaeoastronomy embracing the pluralism of today’s academic approach to landscape and ancient people

Ambient particulate pollution and the world-wide prevalence of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in children: Phase One of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Objectives: To investigate the effect of ambient particulate matter on variation in childhood prevalence of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema. Methods: Prevalences of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema obtained in Phase One of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) were matched with city-level estimates of residential PM10 obtained from a World Bank model. Associations were investigated using binomial regression adjusting for GNP per capita and for clustering within country. For countries with more than one centre, a two stage meta-analysis was carried out. The results were compared with a meta-analysis of published multi-centre studies. Results: Annual concentrations of PM₁₀ at city level were obtained for 105 ISAAC centres in 51 countries. After controlling for GNP per capita, there was a weak negative association between PM₁₀ and various outcomes. For severe wheeze in 13-14-year-olds, the OR for a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ was 0.92 (95 CI 0.84 to 1.00). In 24 countries with more than one centre, most summary estimates for within-country associations were weakly positive. For severe wheeze in 13-14-year-olds, the summary OR for a 10 μg/m³ increase in PM₁₀ was 1.01 (0.92 to 1.10). This result was close to a summary OR of 0.99 (0.91 to 1.06) obtained from published multi-centre studies. Conclusions: Modelled estimates of particulate matter at city level are imprecise and incomplete estimates of personal exposure to ambient air pollutants. Nevertheless, our results together with those of previous multi-centre studies, suggest that urban background PM₁₀ has little or no association with the prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or eczema either within or between countries

A model for the degradation of polyimides due to oxidation

Polyimides, due to their superior mechanical behavior at high temperatures, are used in a variety of applications that include aerospace, automobile and electronic packaging industries, as matrices for composites, as adhesives etc. In this paper, we extend our previous model in [S. Karra, K. R. Rajagopal, Modeling the non-linear viscoelastic response of high temperature polyimides, Mechanics of Materials, In press, doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2010.09.006], to include oxidative degradation of these high temperature polyimides. Appropriate forms for the Helmholtz potential and the rate of dissipation are chosen to describe the degradation. The results for a specific boundary value problem, using our model compares well with the experimental creep data for PMR-15 resin that is aged in air.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Mechanics of Time-dependent Material