Hypersegmentation of neutrophil nuclei in peripheral blood of patients with localized and advanced cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx

Neutrophilic granulocytes have a wide spectrum of functional activity. In recent years, the functional significance of neutrophils in the development and course of malignant neoplasms has been discussed. It has been shown that neutrophilic granulocytes can play pro- or antitumor activity. The aim of the study was to assess the structural and functional features of neutrophils in patients with varying degrees of prevalence of cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx. Forty-one patients (aged 35-67) with newly diagnosed cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx were examined and divided into subgroups according to the TNM classification: the first subgroup (14 patients) with a localized tumor process consisted; and the second subgroup (27 patients) with a widespread tumor process. The relative and absolute number of neutrophils was assessed, and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was determined. The content of neutrophils with varying degrees of nuclear segmentation in the blood was calculated, the activity of myeloperoxidase, cationic proteins, alkaline phosphatase, and the degree of neutrophil activation in the NBT test was determined cytochemically. Concentration of interleukin-8 was determined using ELISA. In patients with cancer of the larynx and laryngopharynx the number of neutrophils (p = 0.045) and NLR (p = 0.033), as well as serum concentration of interleukin 8 (p = 0.011), increased compared to healthy individuals. The proportion of cells with hypersegmented nuclei in the neutrophil population (p < 0.001) and cytotoxic potential increased with the spread of tumor process. A direct correlation (r = 0.42, p = 0.03) was found between the T index, which reflects the volume of the tumor, and the content of hypersegmented neutrophils. It can be argued that such a simple and accessible laboratory parameter as the degree of segmentation of the nuclei of neutrophilic granulocytes can be used as one of the criteria to assess and predict the course of the tumor process

Effects of intranasal Imunofan administration upon phagocytic activity in treatment of exudative otitis media in children

Exudative otitis  media  in  childhood is most  often  associated with  chronic inflammation in the  nasopharyngeal area,  with  immediate participation of phagocytic cells. Our  paper  presents  the  data  on evaluation of clinical  and immunological efficacy of intranasal Imunofan use included into  complex therapy of exudative  otitis  media.  Dynamic observation (before  treatment, 1 and  3 months after treatment) of these parameters included regular  evaluation of the  neutrophil and  monocyte amounts in peripheral blood  and  in smear imprints from nasal mucosa, determination of myeloperoxidase activity in circulating neutrophils, and the content of interleukin IL-8 and IL-18  in the nasal washouts. The clinical status was assessed using a scoring system, which subjectively reflected the state of the nasopharynx and auditory function. Fourty-three children aged from 3 to 7 years with exudative  otitis media associated with chronic adenoiditis were examined. Patients of the first group (22 children) were treated using only conventional approaches (basic therapy). The patients from  the  second  group  (21 children) received  Imunofan in addition to the  basic therapy. The  control group consisted of 16 relatively  healthy  children. Before  treatment of the  children with exudative  otitis  media, an increase  in the relative content of monocytes in their blood,  a decreased activity of myeloperoxidase and lower concentration of IL-8  and  IL-18  in the  nasal  wash was observed  in comparison with  healthy  controls. No differences in severity  of clinical  symptoms were revealed  between  the  groups  of patients. Baseline  therapy was not  accompanied by positive  dynamics in the  clinical  pattern of the  disease.  Relative  monocytosis and reduced activity of neutrophilic myeloperoxidase persisted  in peripheral blood;  the concentration of IL-8  and IL-18  in the  nasal washings  remained low. Following intranasal use of Imunofan, the  number of circulating monocytes was restored by the  third  month from  the  start  of treatment, there  was an  increased activity  of myeloperoxidase registered  in blood neutrophils, as well as higher IL-8  and IL-18  concentrations in the nasal washings. Normalization of the phagocytos-related parameters, according to this scoring,  was associated with clinical remission of the disease. The revealed relationships between clinical data and the results obtained in the course  of laboratory research  suggest a positive effect of Imunofan as an agent that may enhance effectiveness of conventional basic therapy  of otitis media in children

Some morphological factors of resistance of the bronchial wall to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease in smoking individuals

According to current epidemiological studies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops in only 15-20 % of smokers. This suggests that exposure to tobacco smoke is just a trigger of the pathological process, and other pathophysiological factors play a key role in the development of COPD. The aim of the study was to perform morphological analysis of bronchial mucosa features in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Material and research methods. Morphological and electron-microscopic analysis of biopsy samples of the bronchial mucosa of smoking patients with (n = 40) and without (n = 30) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was carried out. The study involved men (80.2 % of men) and women aged 42 to 67 years (62.3 ± 2.24 years) with smoking experience of more than 20 years and smoking intensity of 20-45 pack-years. In the main group was a verified diagnosis of COPD. All patients of the studied groups underwent morphological, morphometric counting of bulk densities of various types of epithelial cells and structures of their lamina propria of the bronchial mucosa, as well as the density of inflammatory infiltrate and various cell populations, immunohistochemical (typing of CD4- and CD8positive lymphocytes, expression of transforming growth factor β1 receptors) and electron microscopic analysis of bronchobioptates.Results and discussion. Smokers without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develop exudative inflammation, which does not violate the structural architectonics of the epithelial layer, but causes activation of proteinsynthetic and energy processes in the epithelial cells of the bronchial wall. With prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic neutrophilic inflammation forms in the bronchial mucosa, leading to a violation of the functional morphology of the vessels and epithelial cells of the bronchial mucosa, followed by remodeling of the bronchial wall

Влияние гипертрофии больших слюнных желез на ультраструктуру сперматогенного эпителия крыс

Purpose. The aim of this study was to ascertain the characteristics of major salivary glands endocrine effect onspermatogenesis.Materials and methods. Mature white outbred male rats (2 months, 153 ± 18 g) consisted of the following groups (each containing 30 rats): intact, control, and group of rats subjected to multiple amputation of incisors. To achieve hypertrophy of major salivary glands multiple amputation of incisors was performed: incisors were cut to a level of 1-2 mm above the gingival margin under ether anesthesia once every 3 days within 2 weeks. Animals of the control group were anesthetized with ether at the same time. Rats were sacrificed by CO2 asphyxia after 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after the first amputation of incisors. Fragments of the rat testes were examined on a JEM-1400 “JEOL” (Japan) transmission electron microscope. On electron microscopy images the specific vacuolization of the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes and spermatids (standard units) was analyzed by the point counting method. In spermatogenic cells the proportion of mitochondria (%) with morphological signs of swelling was assessed.Results. Transient ultrastructural changes of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells develop in the rats convoluted seminiferous tubules as a result of multiple amputation of the incisors, such as phagosomes and pronounced vacuolization in the Sertoli cells cytoplasm, cytoplasm vacuolization and mitochondrial swelling in spermatogenic cells. Sporadic spermatogenic cells with signs of nuclear (chromatin fragmentation, its condensation on the periphery of the nucleus) and cytoplasm (destruction of membrane organelles) destruction appeared as a result of multiple incisors’ amputation. Ultrastructural changes of Sertoli and spermatogenic cells are most pronounced at 2-3 weeks, decrease at 4 week and are completely leveled by the 6th week of the experiment.Conclusion. Hypertrophy of major salivary glands, caused by multiple amputations of incisors, has similar to sialoadenectomy effect on the spermatogenic epithelium. Multiple incisors’ amputation cause transient  depression of granular convoluted cells function. Probably submandibular gland granular convoluted tubules cells endocrine factors make the greatest contribution to the regulation of spermatogenesis in rats. Цель. Выяснение особенностей эндокринного влияния больших слюнных желез на сперматогенез половозрелых крыс.Материалы и методы. Половозрелые белые беспородные самцы крыс (возраст 2 мес, масса тела (153 ± 18) г) составили три группы (по 30 особей): интактная, контрольная и крысы, подвергшиеся многократной ампутации резцов. Для оценки эндокринного  влияния эпителиоцитов ацинусов и протоков больших слюнных желез моделировали их гипертрофию путем многократной ампутации резцов. Крыс выводили из эксперимента на 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, 8- и 10-ю нед после первой ампутации резцов. Семенники животных оценивали при помощи трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии. На электронограммах анализировали удельный объем вакуолизации цитоплазмы сустентоцитов, сперматогоний, сперматоцитов и сперматид (усл. ед.), в сперматогенных клетках оценивали количество митохондрий (%) с морфологическими признаками набухания.Результаты. В ранние сроки эксперимента в извитых семенных канальцах крыс развивается вакуолизация цитоплазмы сустентоцитов, а также ультраструктурные изменения сперматогенных клеток (вакуолизация цитоплазмы, альтерация митохондрий, разрушение мембранных органелл, фрагментация хроматина). Изменения структуры  сперматогенных клеток и сустентоцитов максимально выражен на 2–3-й нед, снижаются  на 4-й нед и полностью нивелируются к 6-й нед эксперимента.Заключение. Гипертрофия больших слюнных желез, вызванная многократной  ампутацией резцов, оказывает на сперматогенный эпителий влияние, схожее с эффектом сиалоаденэктомии. В результате многократной ампутации резцов угнетается  функциональное состояние клеток гранулярных извитых трубок поднижнечелюстных желез. Эндокринные факторы, которые вносят наибольший вклад в регуляцию  сперматогенеза у крыс, вырабатываются клетками гранулярных извитых трубок

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ГУМОРАЛЬНЫХ ИММУННЫХ РЕАКЦИЙ К ВИРУСУ ЭПШТЕЙНА – БАРР У БОЛЬНЫХ С ПРЕДОПУХОЛЕВЫМИ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯМИ СЛИЗИСТОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ И РАКОМ ЖЕЛУДКА РАЗНОЙ ЛОКАЛИЗАЦИИ И ГИСТОТИПА

The paper presents the results of determining the concentration of specific antiviral immunoglobulins to viral antigens in blood serum of patients with gastric dysplasia (n=56) and gastric cancer (n=54), as well as the incidence of their titers depending on tumor location and histotype. In patients with precancerous gastric lesions, the increase in the IgG titer to Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) capsid antigen (VCA) and IgG to EBV early antigen (EA) in blood serum was found to be associated with enhancement of inflammatory activity. In patients with gastric cancer, high titers of IgG to VCA and IgG to EA were observed more frequently than in patients with gastric dysplasia, and the decrease in differentiation grade was followed by the increase in the concentration of IgG to EBV VCA. High titers (≥1:320) of IgG to VCA were found of patients with tumors located in the gastric body and cardia. High IgG titers to EBV VCA were shown to be associated with the presence of exophytic and ulcerated exophytic tumor growth.Высокая распространенность, поздняя выявляемость рака желудка и широкая инфицированность населения вирусом Эпштейна – Барр (ВЭБ) ставят оценку роли вируса в опухолевой прогрессии и прогнозе заболевания на ведущие позиции. В статье представлены результаты определения концентрации специфических противовирусных иммуноглобулинов в сыворотке крови у пациентов с диспластическими процессами слизистой оболочки желудка (СОЖ) (n=56) и больных раком желудка (n=54), а также частоты встречаемости их титров в зависимости от локализации и гистотипа опухоли. Показано, что у больных с предопухолевыми изменениями в СОЖ нарастание титра IgG к вирусному капсидному антигену (ВКА) ВЭБ и IgG к ранним антигенам (РА) ВЭБ в сыворотке крови связано с усилением активности воспаления. У пациентов с раком желудка значительно чаще, чем при дисплазиях, встречались высокие титры IgG к ВКА и IgG к РА, а снижение степени дифференцировки опухоли сопровождалось повышением концентрации IgG к ВКА ВЭБ. При локализации опухоли в теле и кардиальном отделе отмечались высокие титры (≥1:320) IgG к ВКА и более высокие концентрации IgА к ВКА. Выявлена явная ассоциация высокихтитров IgG к ВКА ВЭБ с наличием экзофитной и экзофитно-изъязвленной форм роста опухоли

Ослабление местного мукозального иммунитета как фактор риска рецидивирования полипозного риносинусита

Assessment of the role of mucosal immunity in nasal polyposis recidivation was carried out. The density and the composition of inflammatory infiltrate in polyps from the patients with the primary and the recurrent nasal polyposis were researched. In nasal lavage the composition of the cells and the content of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ were estimated. It was shown that the polyposis recidivation occurs during the progression of local immune insufficiency.Проведена оценка роли местного иммунитета слизистой оболочки носа в рецидивировании полипозного риносинусита. В биоптатах полипов, удаленных у пациентов с первичным и рецидивирующим полипозом, исследовали плотность и состав воспалительного инфильтрата. В назальном лаваже оценивали клеточный состав и содержание интерлейкина-4 и интерферона-γ. Показано, что рецидивирование назальных полипов протекает на фоне прогрессирующей локальной иммунной недостаточности