An investigation into some aspects of physical hydrological modelling with particular reference to materials

An investigation into some aspects of physical hydrological modelling with particular reference to material

On Posterior Concentration in Misspecified Models

We investigate the asymptotic behavior of Bayesian posterior distributions under independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) misspecified models. More specifically, we study the concentration of the posterior distribution on neighborhoods of f , the density that is closest in the Kullback–Leibler sense to the true model f0. We note, through examples, the need for assumptions beyond the usual Kullback–Leibler support assumption. We then investigate consistency with respect to a general metric under three assumptions, each based on a notion of divergence measure, and then apply these to a weighted L1-metric in convex models and non-convex models. Although a few results on this topic are available, we believe that these are somewhat inaccessible due, in part, to the technicalities and the subtle differences compared to the more familiar well-specified model case. One of our goals is to make some of the available results, especially that of Kleijn and van der Vaart (2006), more accessible. Unlike their paper, our approach does not require construction of test sequences. We also discuss a preliminary extension of the i.i.d. results to the independent but not identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) case

Measurement and prevalence of adult physical activity levels in Arab countries

Objectives: This study aims to examine the reported prevalence of sufficient physical activity among adults in Arab countries and to determine the use of validated instruments for assessing physical activity. Study design: This is a systematic literature review. Methods: This review follows recommendations outlined in the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The protocol for this study was preregistered with PROSPERO. Cross-sectional, cohort and intervention studies with a minimum of 300 adults aged 18 years assessing physical activity using a questionnaire or other self-report measure in the Arabic language were identified from seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscu and PubMed). Databases were searched from 1st January 2008 to 17th September 2018. Descriptive analysis was performed using frequency and percentages. The prevalence of physical activity was calculated as the average prevalence for the reported percentages from the studies with similar tools. Results: Fifty studies involving 298,242 participants were included in this review. The mean (range) sample size was 5964.8.1 (323e197,681). Data were collected from participants in 16 of the 22 Arab countries. Great variation exists across the studies in determining whether adults were sufficiently active or not. Twenty studies reported usable data from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (moderate & high categories). In these studies, prevalence of physical activity ranged from 34.2 to 96.9%. It was not possible to compare the other studies owing to variation in instruments used to assess physical activity and in the case definition used for ‘physically active’. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for wider reporting of physical activity and the adoption of valid and reliable instruments to support the development of evidence-informed policy and programmes at both country and regional level. International tools need to be correctly validated, or context-specific tools must be developed to accurately measure physical activit

MOESM1 of Exploring tarnished daguerreotypes with synchrotron light: XRF and Îź-XANES analysis

Additional file 1: FigureS1. Example of absorption spectrum (bubble from Fig. 6) with the corresponding linear combination fit (LCF) and difference (Diff.) spectra for the Ag L3-edge. The difference spectrum is indicative of the error of measurement for the spectrum

MOESM2 of Exploring tarnished daguerreotypes with synchrotron light: XRF and μ-XANES analysis

Additional file 2: Table S1. Linear combination fit results for Cl K-edge XANES spectra (values in weight percent). Table 2. Linear combination fit results for S K-edge XANES spectra (values in weight percent). Table 3. Linear combination fit results for Ag L3-edge XANES spectra (values in weight percent)

Additional file 3: of Behavioural responses to heat in desert birds: implications for predicting vulnerability to climate warming

Raw data as presented in Table S1 and Table S2. (XLSX 63 kb