Energy States of Colored Particle in a Chromomagnetic Field

The unitary transformation, which diagonalizes squared Dirac equation in a constant chromomagnetic field is found. Applying this transformation, we find the eigenfunctions of diagonalized Hamiltonian, that describe the states with definite value of energy and call them energy states. It is pointed out that, the energy states are determined by the color interaction term of the particle with the background chromofield and this term is responsible for the splitting of the energy spectrum. We construct supercharge operators for the diagonal Hamiltonian, that ensure the superpartner property of the energy states.Comment: 25 pages, some calculation details have been removed, typos correcte

Features of the Political Development of Iraq in 2003—2020: the Formation of a New Elite

The features of recruiting the political elite of Iraq after the overthrow of the regime of President Saddam Hussein in 2003 are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the processes of elite formation in the Middle East during the period of regional transformations. The key mechanisms and principles of the formation of the Iraqi political elite within the framework of the emerging post-Saddam political system have been identified. It is shown that the political leaders who came into power with the support of the Americans until 2003 were the “counter-elite” of S. Hussein, therefore participation in the opposition movements became an important criterion for recruiting. Special attention is paid to the informal (traditional) principles of recruiting the new elite, which have become the main mechanism of this process. In particular, the following principles are described: “muhassasa taifiyya”, which assumes the distribution of political positions in accordance with the share of ethno-confessional groups in the general population, clan solidarity, and religious institutions. It is emphasized that the role of Shiite religious structures, including spiritual leaders, and their influence on the formation of the political elite have significantly increased compared to the pre-occupation period

Pressure Raman effects and internal stress in network glasses

Raman scattering from binary GexSe1-x glasses under hydrostatic pressure shows onset of a steady increase in the frequency of modes of corner-sharing GeSe4 tetrahedral units when the external pressure P exceeds a threshold value Pc. The threshold pressure Pc(x) decreases with x in the 0.15 < x < 0.20 range, nearly vanishes in the 0.20 < x < 0.25 range, and then increases in the 0.25 < x < 1/3 range. These Pc(x) trends closely track those in the non-reversing enthalpy, DHnr(x), near glass transitions (Tgs), and in particular, both DHnr(x) and Pc(x) vanish in the reversibility window (0.20 < x < 0.25). It is suggested that Pc provides a measure of stress at the Raman active units; and its vanishing in the reversibility window suggests that these units are part of an isostatically rigid backbone. Isostaticity also accounts for the non-aging behavior of glasses observed in the reversibility window

МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И РЕПРОДУКТИВНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАСТЕНИЙ PHYSALIS spp. В УСЛОВИЯХ УМЕРЕННОГО КЛИМАТА

Physalis commonly known as the husk tomato is an important vegetable crop in the diets of many nations. Their fruits are used in the making of chilli sauce, jams, candied fruits, pickles and dressing for popular dishes. Fruits can be marinated and added to the cucumber, tomato, cabbage, apple, pear, plum for canning. Boiled fruit of Physalis is used to prepare fillings and decorations for cakes. The number of fruits set is variable. The lateral and sub-lateral branches produce more flower buds, but they do not produce harvestable fruits. The elimination of sub-lateral branches would be very important for restricting fruit set. The ‘Lakomka’ variety produces 53 commercial fruits, but only 22 of them reach biological maturity (41.5%). Such traits as “number of fruits per plant” and “average fruit weight" vary substantially Cv = 36.98% and Cv = 33.5%, respectively. At the same time, in the variety ‘Lakomka’ weight of matured fruits on plant (1.76kg) is 73.3% at the total fruit weight -2.4 kg. This is because of the weight of one ripened fruit on the plants that is greater than not ripened one. The same results we observed in the cultivars ‘L–Fioletovy’ and ‘Lejkiy’. Weight of ripened fruits on the plant is about 50% from the total weight in the varieties ‘Lacomka’ and ‘Korolyok’. The "number of fruits per plant” and “average fruit weight” were the most stable in varieties ‘Konditer’, ‘Lacomka 2’ and ‘Lejkiy’. Totally, 320-450 seeds are developed in the fruit, where productivity reaches to 7.4-15.5 g/plant, depending on the variety. Tomatillo is genetically highly variable. To become a viable commercial crop, it will be necessary to develop plants with uniform fruit size and to breed a determinant plant type suitable for mechanical harvesting with most of fruits maturing simultaneously on the plant.Physalis в разных странах известен как tomatillo, husk tomato, green tomato, tomate de cascara, miltomate, tomate verde в зависимости от видовой принадлежности. В России он называется физалис овощной или физалис мексиканский. Побегообразование является важным показателем характеристики сорта, так как значительно влияет на формирование кондиционных плодов. Чем больше ветвей I и II порядков (основная группа), тем выше выход зрелых плодов с растения в процентном отношении. Анализ полученных результатов побегообразования показывает, что число завязавшихся плодов на растении значительно выше, чем число вызревших. Созревание плодов наблюдается на побегах основной группы, условно на I и II порядках. У сорта Лакомка из числа формировавшихся 53 кондиционных плодов только 22 достигают биологической спелости (41,5%). Признаки «число плодов на растении» и «средняя масса плода» у этого сорта варьируют значительно – Cv = 36,98% и Cv = 33,5% соответственно. В то же время, у сорта Лакомка масса вызревших плодов на растении (1,76 кг) составляет 73,3% от общей массы плодов (2,4 кг). Это объясняется тем, что масса одного вызревшего плода на растении больше невызревшего. Такую закономерность мы наблюдаем и у сортов Л Фиолетовый, Лежкий. У сортов Королек и Лакомка 2 масса вызревших на растении плодов составляет около 50% от их общей массы. По признакам «число плодов на растении» и «средняя масса плода» самые стабильные – это сорта Кондитер, Лакомка 2 и Лежкий. В плоде формируется 320-450 шт. семян, а продуктивность составляет 7,4-15,5 г/раст. в зависимости от сорта

Structure, bonding and morphology of hydrothermally synthesised xonotlite

The authors have systematically investigated the role of synthesis conditions upon the structure and morphology of xonotlite. Starting with a mechanochemically prepared, semicrystalline phase with Ca/Si=1, the authors have prepared a series of xonotlite samples hydrothermally, at temperatures between 200 and 250 degrees C. Analysis in each case was by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The authors’ use of a much lower water/solid ratio has indirectly confirmed the ‘through solution’ mechanism of xonotlite formation, where silicate dissolution is a key precursor of xonotlite formation. Concerning the role of temperature, too low a temperature (~200 degrees C) fails to yield xonotlite or leads to increased number of structural defects in the silicate chains of xonotlite and too high a temperature (>250 degrees C) leads to degradation of the xonotlite structure, through leaching of interchain calcium. Synthesis duration meanwhile leads to increased silicate polymerisation due to diminishing of the defects in the silicate chains and more perfect crystal morphologies

Scientific breeding of winter bread wheat in the Non-Сhernozem zone of Russia: the history, methods and results

The article describes the main stages and achievements of the breeding of winter bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Non-Chernozem zone for more than a century. The beginning of breeding work was laid by D.L. Rudzinsky on the experimental field of the Moscow Agricultural Institute. Beginning from the 1940s, under the leadership of Academician N.V. Tsitsin, and then Prof. G.D. Lapchenko, the method of distinct hybridization with blue wheatgrass (Agropyron glaucum (Desf. ex DC.) Roem. &amp; Schult.) was actively used. The resulting wheat-wheatgrass hybrids had an average winter hardiness, increased grain quality and productivity. Cultivar Zarya developed in the 1970s (by individual selection from the F3 cross combination of cv. Mironovskaya 808 × line 126/65 (in the pedigree of this line, there is a wheat-wheatgrass hybrid PPG 599)) had a high yield and was widely used in further crosses. In the 1980s, Academician B.I. Sandukhadze achieved a significant increase in yield by using the method of intermittent backcrosses due to the producing of varieties with a new morphoecotype (cvs Inna, Pamyati Fedina, etc.), namely, winter-hardy, short stemmed (dwarf), and productive. Cultivar Moskovskaya 39 (registration in 1999) was referred to strong wheat, with a stable protein content of 15–16 %, gluten 30–35 %. Produced in the 2000s, cvs Moskovskaya 56, Nemchinovskaya 57, Galina, Nemchinovskaya 24, Nemchinovskaya 17, and Moskovskaya 40 have a high adaptability to the environment of the region; give a high yield and quality of grain. The area of crops of these cultivars in Russia occupies more than 2 million ha. The current trends in wheat breeding are indicated, the production yield of commercial cultivars of breeding by the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”over 12.0 tons per ha and the protein content in the grain up to 17 % are shown. As a result of succession, originality and application of the methodology of scientific breeding, the yield of winter bread wheat in the period from the beginning of the last century to the present has increased from 1.0 to 12.0 and more tons per ha

МОРФОБИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ЯГОД ФИЗАЛИСА ПУШИСТОГО (PHYSALIS PUBESCENS L.) В УМЕРЕННОМ КЛИМАТЕ

Physalis (Physalis L.) is grown worldwide.  P. pubescens L. is most widespread in Russia. The analysis of development of biochemical properties in fruits of P. pubescens L. in temperate climate was presented in the article. The berries of physalis have acid reaction and high nutrient value due to polyphenols, carotenoids that give orange color, also contain moderate  quantity  of  vitamin  C.  Moreover  in  the  berry juice there are significant quantities of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese and boron. P. pubescens L. is a promising exotic  crop  that  can be used for  production  of functional  foodstuffs.   Physalis  berries  are  usually used as fresh vegetables for salad recipes, providing the sweet and sour balanced taste. The whole fruit berries are also processed  into  syrups or  dried,  so that they are regarded as ‘elegant raisins’. Our study showed that the dry matter content was 15.5% in cultivar ‘Zolotaya Rossiyp’ in temperate climate,  while the ascorbic acid content  was 9.9 mg per 100 g. of wet weight. In temperate climate 318 mg GAE/100 g. polyphenols were accumulated in the berry of P. pubescens L. The titrated acidity of ‘Zolotaya Rossiyp’  berries was 0.90%,  at  pH  4.72.  The level higher than 4 confirms the low  acidity. This can be explained by the fact of presence of organic acids as a free forms in the berry juice.Физалис  (PhysalisL.)    распространен по  всему  миру.  В России наиболее распространен P. pubescensL. В работе представлен анализ особенностей проявления биохимических свойств ягод физалиса земляничного (P.pubescens) в условиях  умеренного  климата. Ягоды  физалиса  имеют кислую реакцию и высокую питательную ценность,  богаты полифенолами, каротиноидами,  которые ответственны  за их оранжевую окраску и содержат умеренное количество витамина С. Кроме того, в соке ягод физалиса содержится значительное количество калия, фосфора, кальция, натрия, магния, цинка, меди, железа,  марганца и бора.  Физалис земляничный является перспективной  экзотической культурой, которого можно  использовать для  производства функциональных  продуктов питания. Ягоды  физалиса обычно  используют в  свежем  виде,  они  обеспечивают кисло-сладкий   баланс  плодоовощных  салатов. Целые плоды также используют  при приготовлении сиропов или сушат,  и они превращаются в «очень изящный изюм». В наших исследованиях содержание сухого вещества у сорта Золотая Россыпь в условиях умеренного климата составило  15,5%,    аскорбиновой  кислоты – 9,9 мг/100 г сырой массы. В условиях умеренного климата в ягоде P.pubescens накапливается 318  мг.ЭГК/100  г  полифенолов. Титрируемая кислотость  ягод  сорта Золотая Россыпь составила 0,90%, а кислотность  рН 4,72. Уровень рН выше 4 свидетелствует о низкой кислотности.  Это объясняется наличием в соке ягод большинства органических кислот в свободной форме