Optimization of contaminated oxide inversion layer solar cell

Contaminated oxide cells have been fabricated with efficiencies of 8.6% with values of I sub sc = 120 ma, V sub oc = .54 volts, and curve factor of .73. Attempts to optimize the fabrication step to yield a higher output have not been successful. The fundamental limitation is the inadequate antireflection coating afforded by the silicon dioxide coating used to hold the contaminating ions. Coatings of SiO, therefore, were used to obtain a good antireflection coating, but the thinness of the coatings prevented a large concentration of the contaminating ions, and the cells was weak. Data of the best cell were .52 volts V sub oc, 110 ma I sub sc, .66 CFF and 6.7% efficiency

Inversion layer solar cell fabrication and evaluation

Inversion layer solar cells were fabricated by etching through the diffused layer on p-type silicon wafers in a comb-like contact pattern. The charge separation comes from an induced p-n junction at the surface. The inverted surface is caused by a layer of transparent material applied to the surface that either contains free positive ions or that creates donor states at the interface. Cells are increased from 3 ma I sub sc to 100 ma by application of sodium silicate. The action is unstable, however, and decays. Non-mesa contaminated oxide cells were fabricated with short circuit currents of over 100 ma measured in the sun. Cells of this type have demonstrated stability

[Introduction] Cognition in the wild: exploring animal minds with observational evidence

No description supplie

Fatigue behavior of materials for the sst - electron fractographic studies final report

Electron microscopic fractography to determine fatigue behavior of materials for supersonic transport - titanium, aluminum, molybdenum, and vanadiu

Impedance spectroscopy study of SrTiO3 pulse laser deposited photoelectrodes

Strontium titanate (STO) is an oxide that has found application in several technological areas and is a candidate electrode for photoelectrochemical cells (PECs). In this study, STO thin films were prepared via pulsed laser deposition to function as PEC electrodes. Effects of post-deposition annealing in a reducing environment on the photocatalytic activity of these electrodes are characterized by measurements of optical and electrochemical properties of the films. These observations are used to obtain insight into how the crystal and electronic properties of these electrodes are affected by the annealing process. Low annealing temperatures produce non-crystalline STO films that exhibit low photocatalytic activity. Annealing at 500 °C and higher allowed the formation of crystalline STO, which showed substantially higher ultraviolet-driven photocurrent densities. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals large decreases in charge transfer resistance that is associated with improved performance of these films. Oxygen evolution at these electrodes was confirmed with a rotating ring-disk electrode setup. Porous versions of the STO films were investigated to evaluate the effect larger surface area can have in enhancing the water oxidation performance

Sexuality and Affection among Elderly German Men and Women in Long-Term Relationships: Results of a Prospective Population-Based Study

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.The study was funded by the German Federal Ministry for Families, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (AZ 314-1722-102/16; AZ 301-1720-295/2), the Ministry for Science, Research and Art Baden-Württemberg, and the University of Rostock (FORUN 989020; 889048)

Ongoing Phase 1/2 Study Of Incb050465, A Selective Pi3kδ Inhibitor, For The Treatment Of Patients (Pts) With Relapsed/Refractory (R/R) B‐Cell Malignancies (Citadel‐101)

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137307/1/hon2438_139.pd

Large-Scale Downy Brome Treatments Alter Plant-Soil Relationships and Promote Perennial Grasses in Salt Desert Shrublands

Because invasive annual grasses can strongly influence soil resource availability and disturbance regimes to favor their own persistence, there is a great need to understand the interrelationships among invasive plant abundance, resource availability, and desirable species prominence. These interrelationships were studied in two salt desert sites where the local abundance of downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) varied spatially and increased more than 12-fold over a 3-yr period. We measured downy brome percentage cover, resource availability, and soil chemical and physical properties within 112 plots per site and found significant negative associations between downy brome abundance and both soil water content (P < 0.05; r = -0.27 to -0.49) and nitrate accumulation (P < 0.05; r = -0.34 to -0.45), which corroborated with the direction and strength of multivariate factor loadings assessed with principal component analysis. We then applied factorial combinations of prescribed burning and preemergence herbicide at management-relevant scales (i.e., 6 to 46 ha) as well as biomass removal to smaller plots (12.25 m²) at both sites to determine their impact on downy brome, soil resources, and resident plant species. Burning and herbicide applications, especially when combined, significantly reduced downy brome cover (P = 0.069 to 0.015), which in turn increased soil nitrate accumulation and water content in the spring. Furthermore, for one shrubland site that was seeded 6 yr previously, the combination of burning and herbicide treatments significantly increased perennial grass percentage cover in the 2 yr posttreatment (P < 0.05). Results not only demonstrate the strong relationships between downy brome abundance, soil resources, and residence species for impoverished salt desert shrub ecosystems, but also suggest that restoration and management efforts must include tactics that facilitate resource use by the residual plant community or establish a greater abundance of species capable of high resource acquisition in the spring.Keywords: soil resource dynamics, spatial and temporal variation, ecosystem resilience, restoration ecology, disturbance ecology, cheatgras

Interacting mindreaders

Could interacting mindreaders be in a position to know things which they would be unable to know if they were manifestly passive observers? This paper argues that they could. Mindreading is sometimes reciprocal: the mindreader's target reciprocates by taking the mindreader as a target for mindreading. The paper explains how such reciprocity can significantly narrow the range of possible interpretations of behaviour where mindreaders are, or appear to be, in a position to interact. A consequence is that revisions and extensions are needed to standard theories of the evidential basis of mindreading. The view also has consequences for understanding how abilities to interact combined with comparatively simple forms of mindreading may explain the emergence, in evolution or development, of sophisticated forms of social cognition

Growth and Post-Deposition Treatments of SrTiO3 Films for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cell Applications

Sensitized SrTiO3 films were evaluated as potential photoanodes for dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cells (DSPECs). The SrTiO3 films were grown via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on a transparent conducting oxide (fluorine-doped tin oxide, FTO) substrate, annealed, and then loaded with zinc(II) 5,10,15-tris(mesityl)-20-[(dihydroxyphosphoryl)phenyl] porphyrin (MPZnP). When paired with a platinum wire counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode these sensitized films exhibited photocurrent densities on the order of 350 nA/cm2 under 0 V applied bias conditions versus a normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) and 75 mW/cm2 illumination at a wavelength of 445 nm. The conditions of the post-deposition annealing step - namely, a high-temperature reducing atmosphere - proved to be the most important growth parameters for increasing photocurrent in these electrodes