3,403 research outputs found
Paradoxical popups: Why are they hard to catch?
Even professional baseball players occasionally find it difficult to
gracefully approach seemingly routine pop-ups. This paper describes a set of
towering pop-ups with trajectories that exhibit cusps and loops near the apex.
For a normal fly ball, the horizontal velocity is continuously decreasing due
to drag caused by air resistance. But for pop-ups, the Magnus force (the force
due to the ball spinning in a moving airflow) is larger than the drag force. In
these cases the horizontal velocity decreases in the beginning, like a normal
fly ball, but after the apex, the Magnus force accelerates the horizontal
motion. We refer to this class of pop-ups as paradoxical because they appear to
misinform the typically robust optical control strategies used by fielders and
lead to systematic vacillation in running paths, especially when a trajectory
terminates near the fielder. In short, some of the dancing around when
infielders pursue pop-ups can be well explained as a combination of bizarre
trajectories and misguidance by the normally reliable optical control strategy,
rather than apparent fielder error. Former major league infielders confirm that
our model agrees with their experiences.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures, sumitted to American Journal of Physic
Influence of a humidor on the aerodynamics of baseballs
We investigate whether storing baseballs in a controlled humidity environment
significantly affects their aerodynamic properties. To do this, we measure the
change in diameter and mass of baseballs as a function of relative humidity
(RH) in which the balls are stored. We then model trajectories for pitched and
batted baseballs to assess the difference between those stored at 30% RH versus
50% RH. The results show that a drier baseball may be expected to curve
slightly more than a humidified one for a given pitch velocity. We also find
that the aerodynamics alone would add ~2 feet to the distance a moister ball is
hit. However, this is compensated by a ~6 foot reduction in batted distance due
to the well known change in coefficient of restitution of the ball. We discuss
consequences of these results for baseball played at Coors Field in Denver,
where baseballs have been stored in a humidor at 50% RH since 2002.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, modified and re-posted 2/2
Theoretical Limits on the Threshold for the Response of Long Cells to Weak Extremely Low Frequency Electric Fields Due to Ionic and Molecular Flux Rectification
AbstractUnderstanding exposure thresholds for the response of biological systems to extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields is a fundamental problem of long-standing interest. We consider a two-state model for voltage-gated channels in the membrane of an isolated elongated cell (Lcell=1mm; rcell=25ÎŒm) and use a previously described process of ionic and molecular flux rectification to set lower bounds for a threshold exposure. A key assumption is that it is the ability of weak physical fields to alter biochemistry that is limiting, not the ability of a small number of molecules to alter biological systems. Moreover, molecular shot noise, not thermal voltage noise, is the basis of threshold estimates. Models with and without stochastic resonance are used, with a long exposure time, texp=104 s. We also determined the dependence of the threshold on the basal transport rate. By considering both spherical and elongated cells, we find that the lowest bound for the threshold is Emin â 9Ă10â3 V mâ1 (9Ă10â5 V cmâ1). Using a conservative value for the loop radius rloop=0.3m for induced current, the corresponding lower bound in the human body for a magnetic field exposure is Bmin â 6Ă10â4 T (6G). Unless large, organized, and electrically amplifying multicellular systems such as the ampullae of Lorenzini of elasmobranch fish are involved, these results strongly suggest that the biophysical mechanism of voltage-gated macromolecules in the membranes of cells can be ruled out as a basis of possible effects of weak ELF electric and magnetic fields in humans
Fano effect in a ring-dot system with tunable coupling
Transport measurements are presented on a quantum ring that is tunnel-coupled
to a quantum dot. When the dot is in the Coulomb blockade regime, but strongly
coupled to the open ring, Fano line shapes are observed in the current through
the ring, when the electron number in the dot changes by one. The symmetry of
the Fano resonances is found to depend on the magnetic flux penetrating the
area of the ring and on the strength of the ring-dot coupling. At temperatures
above T=0.65 K the Fano effect disappears while the Aharonov-Bohm interference
in the ring persists up to T=4.2 K. Good agreement is found between these
experimental observations and a single channel scattering matrix model
including decoherence in the dot.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
Stunting of children under two from repeated pregnancy among young mothers
Repeated pregnancy leaves young mothers nutritionally deprived which may in turn lead to poor infant growth. We measure the occurrence and persistence of stunting among offspring of young mothers who experienced repeated pregnancies using data from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. We selected mothers aged 14â24 years (n = 1,033) with singleton birth. We determined the length-for-age z scores (LAZ) at 12 and 24 months of the index child using the World Health Organisation 2007 growth standard. We fitted LAZ, stunting occurrence (i.e. LAZ < â 2) and persistence from 12 to 24 months into regression models and tested for the mediating effect of low birthweight and feeding practices. In these models, repeated pregnancy was analysed in an ordinal approach using number of past pregnancies of young mothers at birth of the index child. Compared to infants born to young mothers aged 14â24 years who had no previous pregnancies, those born to young mothers with repeated pregnancies have at least 0.15 (95% CI â 0.23, â 0.08) LAZ lower and are at higher chance of stunting by at least 40% (95% CI 1.19, 1.67) at 12 and 24 months. Similar cohorts of infants showed an elevated risk of persistent stunting from 12 through 24 months with a relative risk ratio of 1.51 (95% CI 1.21, 1.88). Optimal feeding practices substantially mediated stunting outcomes by further reducing the effects of repeated pregnancy to stunting occurrence and persistence by 19.95% and 18.09% respectively. Mediation tests also showed low birthweight in the causal pathway between repeated pregnancy and stunting. Repeated pregnancy in young mothers is a predictor of stunting among children under 2 years. Secondary pregnancy prevention measures and addressing suboptimal feeding practices are beneficial to mitigate the negative impact of repeated adolescent pregnancy on children
On the Energy Transfer Performance of Mechanical Nanoresonators Coupled with Electromagnetic Fields
We study the energy transfer performance in electrically and magnetically
coupled mechanical nanoresonators. Using the resonant scattering theory, we
show that magnetically coupled resonators can achieve the same energy transfer
performance as for their electrically coupled counterparts, or even outperform
them within the scale of interest. Magnetic and electric coupling are compared
in the Nanotube Radio, a realistic example of a nano-scale mechanical
resonator. The energy transfer performance is also discussed for a newly
proposed bio-nanoresonator composed of a magnetosomes coated with a net of
protein fibers.Comment: 9 Pages, 3 Figure
Tuning of the Fano Effect through a Quantum Dot in an Aharonov-Bohm Interferometer
The Fano effect, which arises from an interference between a localized state
and the continuum, reveals a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics. We have
realized a tunable Fano system in a quantum dot (QD) in an Aharonov-Bohm
interferometer, which is the first convincing demonstration of this effect in
mesoscopic systems. With the aid of the continuum, the localized state inside
the QD acquires itinerancy over the system even in the Coulomb blockade.
Through tuning of the parameters, which is an advantage of the present system,
unique properties of the Fano effect on the phase and coherence of electrons
have been revealed.Comment: REVTEX, 4 pages, 4 figures included. Discussion and figures are
improved. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. Let
Keeper-animal interactions: differences between the behaviour of zoo animals affect stockmanship
Stockmanship is a term used to describe the management of animals with a good stockperson someone who does this in a in a safe, effective, and low-stress manner for both the stock-keeper and animals involved. Although impacts of unfamiliar zoo visitors on animal behaviour have been extensively studied, the impact of stockmanship i.e familiar zoo keepers is a new area of research; which could reveal significant ramifications for zoo animal behaviour and welfare. It is likely that different relationships are formed dependant on the unique keeper-animal dyad (human-animal interaction, HAI). The aims of this study were to (1) investigate if unique keeper-animal dyads were formed in zoos, (2) determine whether keepers differed in their interactions towards animals regarding their attitude, animal knowl- edge and experience and (3) explore what factors affect keeper-animal dyads and ultimately influence animal behaviour and welfare. Eight black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), eleven Chapmanâs zebra (Equus burchellii), and twelve Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra) were studied in 6 zoos across the UK and USA. Subtle cues and commands directed by keepers towards animals were identified. The animals latency to respond and the respective behavioural response (cue-response) was recorded per keeper-animal dyad (n=93). A questionnaire was constructed following a five-point Likert Scale design to record keeper demographic information and assess the job satisfaction of keepers, their attitude towards the animals and their perceived relationship with them. There was a significant difference in the animalsâ latency to appropriately respond after cues and commands from different keepers, indicating unique keeper-animal dyads were formed. Stockmanship style was also different between keepers; two main components contributed equally towards this: âattitude towards the animalsâ and âknowledge and experience of the animalsâ. In this novel study, data demonstrated unique dyads were formed between keepers and zoo animals, which influenced animal behaviour
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