Применение принципов мусульманского права при решении проблем брачно-семейных отношений

The article is devoted to the problem of studying the issues of marriage and family relations in the Muslim theological discourse. Theologians have paid special attention to the institution of the family since the early epoch of the Fiqh, and their works bear witness to this. They contain concise principles with the help of which they justified theological conclusions aimed at solving marital and family problems. A deep analysis of these works helped to identify these principles, the study of which will help modern theologians to understand the goals of Sharia in the field of family relations and will effectively resolve the problems of marriage and family relations. Статья посвящена проблеме исследования вопросов брачносемейных отношений в мусульманском богословско-правовом дискурсе.С момента зарождения фикха правоведы уделяли особое внимание институту семьи, по этой причине семейное право стало традиционным разделом исламского права. Классические труды фикха содержат в себе лаконичные принципы, опираясь на которые правоведы строили обоснования своих богословских заключений, направленных на решение в том числе и брачно-семейных проблем. Анализ данных трудов позволил выявить эти принципы, в свою очередь, исследование последних дает возможность современным теологам понять цели шариата, преследуемые в области брачно-семейных отношений, и способствует эффективному регулированию такого рода вопросов на практике.

Методология фетвотворчества Мусы Бигиева

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Russian theologian Musa Bigiev’s views on accepting modern theological and legal conclusions in Islam, i. e. on the fatwa issuing. After comparing his various works, a conclusion is made about his adherence to absolute ij tihad, not limited to the framework of one madhhab. At the same time, Bigiev gives the main role in this process to the methodology of Islamic law, which, in his opinion, should also be modernized in accordance with the goals of the Shariʻah. This doctrine was fi rst developed in the history of Muslim thought by the medieval faqih Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi, whose work Al-Muwafaqat Bigiev recommends to introduce as a handbook in Islamic educational institutions. According Bigiev’s views, it is necessary to train mujtahids capable of making decisions based on sacred primary sources, system of goals of the Shariʻah and objective conditions of life.Статья посвящена анализу взглядов известного российского теолога Мусы Бигиева (ум. 1949) на проблему принятия современных богословско-правовых заключений в исламе — фетвотворчества. На основе сопоставления его различных сочинений делается вывод о его приверженности абсолютному иджтихаду, не ограниченному рамками одного мазхаба. При этом основную роль в этом процессе он отводит методологии исламского права, которая, на его взгляд, также должна быть модернизирована в соответствии с целями шариата. Это учение впервые в истории мусульманской мысли было разработано средневековым факихом Абу Исхаком аш-Шатиби (ум. 1388), чью работу Ал-Мувафакат Бигиев рекомендует использовать в качестве учебного пособия в исламских учебных заведениях. По мнению отечественного богослова, сегодня необходимо готовить муджтахидов, способных принимать решения на основе священных первоисточников, применяя систему целей шариата и объективные условия жизни

Ханафитский мазхаб: история становления, классификация и обзор основных источников

This publication describes the history of the formation and development of the Hanafi theological and legal school. It analyzes the influence of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad on the development of basic methodological principles by the eponym of this school — Abu Hanifa. The paper presents the generally accepted classification of the jurists of this madhhab, describes their role in the formation of the Hanafi tradition. It also provides a brief overview of the main classical and modern works on Hanafi law, including domestic theologians — Sh. Marjani, A. Kursavi, G. Barudi and A.-H. Maksudi, as well as translations of classical works into Russian.В настоящей публикации описывается история становления и развития ханафитской богословско-правовой школы. В ней проанализировано влияние сподвижников пророка Мухаммада на выработку основных методологических принципов эпонимом этой школы — Абу Ханифой. В работе представлена общепринятая классификация правоведов данного мазхаба, описана их роль в формировании ханафитской традиции. В ней также приводится краткий обзор основных классических и современных работ по ханафитскому праву, в том числе и отечественных богословов — Ш. Марджани, А. Курсави, Г. Баруди и А.-Х. Максуди, а также переводов классических сочинений на русский язык

Machine-Related Backgrounds in the SiD Detector at ILC

With a multi-stage collimation system and magnetic iron spoilers in the tunnel, the background particle fluxes on the ILC detector can be substantially reduced. At the same time, beam-halo interactions with collimators and protective masks in the beam delivery system create fluxes of muons and other secondary particles which can still exceed the tolerable levels for some of the ILC sub-detectors. Results of modeling of such backgrounds in comparison to those from the e+ e- interactions are presented in this paper for the SiD detector.Comment: 29 pages, 34 figures, 7 table

Requirements for the LHC collimation system

The LHC requires efficient collimation during all phases of the beam cycle. Collimation plays important roles in prevention of magnet quenches from regular beam diffusion, detection of abnormal beam loss and subsequent beam abort, radiation protection, and passive protection of the superconducting magnets in case of failures. The different roles of collimation and the high beam power in the LHC impose many challenges for the design of the collimation system. In particular, the collimators must be able to withstand the expected particle losses. The requirements for the LHC collimation system are presented

Beam losses far downstream of the high luminosity interaction points of LHC - intermediate results

We report a study on beam losses in the insertions IR1 and IR5 of LHC. We considered proton-proton collisions with a relatively small momentum transfer which induce distant losses. We show that the level of these losses is high enough to quench the quadrupoles Q5 in the straight sections and probably the dipoles B8 in the dispersion suppressors. We confirm that collimators upstream of Q5 can prevent those quenches. Beam loss distributions in the dispersion suppressors are computed in the presence of these collimators and associated radiological results are discussed. Associated cryogenic power load are quantified

Cascade simulation studies for the momentum cleaning insertion of LHC

This note describes the details and the first results of the cascade simulations in the momentum cleaning section. The simulation scheme is the same as in the previous studies for the betatron cleaning insertion. Annual doses to the magnet coils are estimated from the calculated energy deposition densities assuming primary losses of 10^16 7TeV protons per beam and per year in the momentum collimators. Shielding screens and insertions to reduce high doses to the coils of separation and corrector dipoles are discussed. The parameters of lateral leakage of hadrons are presented and compared to the same data for the betatron cleaning insertion

Towards a shielding design for the momentum cleaning insertion of the LHC

A model of the momentum cleaning section was set up for use with the cascade simulation program MARS. This has been used to determine parameters for shielding design. Two possible variants have been considered in detail. The criteria of an optimised shield for the momentum cleaning insertion of the LHC are discussed

Tools for Predicting Cleaning Efficiency in the LHC

The computer codes SIXTRACK and DIMAD have been upgraded to include realistic models of proton scattering in collimator jaws, mechanical aperture restrictions, and time-dependent fields. These new tools complement long-existing simplified linear tracking programs used up to now for tracking with collimators. Scattering routines from STRUCT and K2 have been compared with one another and the results have been cross-checked to the FLUKA Monte Carlo package. A systematic error is assigned to the predictions of cleaning efficiency. Now, predictions of the cleaning efficiency are possible with a full LHC model, including chromatic effects, linear and nonlinear errors, beam-beam kicks and associated diffusion, and time-dependent fields. The beam loss can be predicted around the ring, both for regular and irregular beam losses. Examples are presented