Recognising Victimhood: Lessons from the International Criminal Court and Mass Claim Programmes for the Compensation Procedure Parallel to the Trial of International Crimes in the Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the Dutch criminal court in The Hague (hereinafter: ‘Netherlands International Crimes Court’ or ‘NIC court’) is assigned to try international crimes, and to provide compensation to victims of such crimes. Whereas it has specific criminal laws at its disposal to try international crimes, it applies ‘regular’ Dutch civil law to assess claims for compensation. Yet compensation for international crimes entails challenges that are quite different from domestic crimes: international crimes are normally committed against a large number of victims, and frequently result in bodily harm. This article argues that the NIC court will most likely rule a large number of claims for compensation inadmissible, as a consequence of which victims cannot benefit from the advantages inherent in the award of compensation within the criminal process. It then explores the adjudicative and reparatory standards that the International Criminal Court and mass claim programmes have applied to simplify both the adjudication of a large number of claims, and the calculation of a large number of instances of bodily damage. It is submitted that adoption by the NIC court of international reparatory standards could facilitate the assessment of a large number of civil claims within the criminal process, without prejudice to the legitimate interests of the defendant for an adequate procedure. However, these standards require the NIC court to strike a new balance between tailor-made compensation and symbolic compensation, and thereby between corrective justice and restorative justice

Characterization of messenger RNA in protoplasts of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

1. (1) The pulse-labeled RNA extracted from enriched polysomal fractions of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis has been characterized by sedimentation analysis, by the effect of actinomycin D on the observed sedimentation patterns, by its sensitivity to ribonuclease action and by determinations of its base composition. It is concluded that this pulse-labeled RNA shows many of the properties which in general are ascribed to messenger RNA. 2. (2) It is shown, that polysomes which are charged with nascent α-glucosidase can be precipitated rather specifically with the aid of a purified rabbit anti-α-glucosidase γ-globulin fraction and a purified anti-rabbit γ-globulin antiserum from the goat. 3. (3) The pulse-labeled RNA extracted from the precipitated polysomes charged with nascent α-glucosidase has a sucrose gradient sedimentation pattern which is quite distinct from that of the pulse-labeled RNA from the total polysomal fraction. 4. (4) From this pattern and from the patterns obtained in pulse-double-labeling experiments with maltose-induced and non-induced protoplasts, it is tentatively concluded that the messenger RNA coding for the inducible enzyme α-glucosidase has a sedimentation coefficient of about 28 S

Over recht, revolutie en kritische juristen (tevens een licht eerherstel van Arnout Eijssell en een klein eerbetoon aan Maup Mendels)

Effective Protection of Fundamental Rights in a pluralist worl

Schadenersatz für Opfer von Naturkatastrophen - Ein Vergleich zwischen Belgien und den Niederlanden

Die vorliegende Untersuchung vergleicht die Entwicklung der Entschädigung für Opfer von Naturkatastrophen in Belgien und den Niederlande bis hin zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Dinge. In beiden Ländern ist es in den letzten Jahren zu Veränderungen in diesem Bereich gekommen, die hier aus Sicht der Rechtsökonomie untersucht werden. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Frage, inwieweit sich ein privater Versicherungsmarkt herausgebildet hat oder auf staatliche Katastrophenfonds zurückgegriffen wird, sowie einer Untersuchung der jeweiligen Finanzierungs- und Auszahlungsmechanismen. Zu diesem Zwecke wird die praktische Anwendung der Lösungen insbesondere am Beispiel von Hochwasserschäden, mit Blick auf die Möglichkeit einer anreizbasierten Finanzierung, wie der Risikodifferenzierung, deutlich gemacht. Im Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass sich in beiden Ländern unterschiedliche Formen von sogenannten Public Private Partnerships entwickelt haben, wobei das Angebot privater Versicherungen in Belgien weitaus ausgeprägter ist als in den Niederlanden, wo der Reformprozess noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Abstract The paper compares the development and present state of compensation for victims of catastrophes in Belgium and The Netherlands, two countries that have both undergone legislative changes in this field in recent years. From the perspective of law and economics, the evolution of private insurance and public intervention through compensation funds, the preference for private or public solutions and the actual financing of these are analyzed. Drawing from practical experience such as the case of flood risks, the solutions are tested in view of incentive-based financing, such as risk differentiation and other. The paper concludes that both countries have produced different forms of Public Private Partnerships, whereby the private insurance market is more developed in Belgium than in The Netherlands, where the reform process has not yet come to an end. JEL Classifications: G22, Q5