Introduction: self-translating, from minorisation to empowerment

This introductory chapter discusses the implications of self-translation in multilingual contexts in Europe, aiming at mapping out innovative perspectives to the study of power and, by so doing, empowering self-translation. We start by critically engaging with the ‘cultural’ and ‘power turns’ in translation studies, as a way of delineating what the particularities of self-translation are when practised by author-translators in multilingual spaces. Focusing on the European milieu, defined broadly in terms of its geographies, we then discuss multilingualism, cultural awareness and ethnic diversity as staple terms in both academic and political ideologies across Europe, emphasising that one of the aspects of multilingualism is precisely the power differentials between languages and cultures. We explore these unequal power relations and centre–periphery dichotomies of Europe’s ‘minorised’ languages, literatures and cultures, suggesting the usage of ‘minorised’ in preference to the others discussed, inasmuch as it highlights both hegemonic power hierarchies and also the continual resistance to them. This is followed by a brief overview of the emerging debates in the subdiscipline of self-translation in recent times. It is within them that we situate our contribution, arguing that the self-translators’ double affiliation as authors and translators turns them into powerful cultural and ideological mediators and places them in a privileged position to challenge (or submit to) power. Here another term, ‘self-censorship,’ is suggested as invaluable to self-translation studies where self-editing often occurs before translation is begun. Finally, the introduction presents the organisation of the book and the main ideas discussed by the 11 authors in their individual chapters

Sustained High Rates Of Job Creation And Destruction In Substate Economies

Widely utilized net employment change statistics actually mask an extremely volatile process of job creation and destruction.  In the past decade economists have addressed this problem by exploiting newly available longitudinal data series to estimate these job flows and the subsequent amount of job churning at the national, state and MSA level.  This study is unique in that it uses an innovative technique to capture job flows within and between industries at the local area level where longitudinal BLS data series are not available.  The geographic unit of analysis in this paper is a Cohesive Commercial Statistical Area™ (CCSA), a substate aggregate of cities and towns sharing common economic interests but not a Metropolitan Statistical Area.  The paper examines job flows in two very different Massachusetts substate economies: the MetroWest CCSA, a technology sensitive research and development economy, and the South Shore CCSA, a mature economy with a competitive edge in financial services. This study establishes that a sizable portion of disaggregated job flows can be captured at a substate level using available employment data. Building upon techniques used in earlier studies, the authors confirmed very high levels of employment volatility, “job churning”, in both substate regions.  The authors found that over two decades, job reallocation rates in MetroWest averaged 9%, affecting one out of 11 jobs annually. The study traced the pattern of job creation and destruction over the course of local business cycles and found that both job creation and destruction existed during all phases of the business cycle. Although, as expected, job creation dominated the expansion phase and destruction dominated the contraction phase, the total amount of job reallocation (creation plus destruction) remained relatively stable through all stages of the business cycle.   However, the composition of the job reallocation varied dramatically by stage of business cycle.  A Job Replacement Ratio has been developed as a quick test to confirm economic expansion or contraction and to focus economic development efforts

Translations of the Self: Moving between Objects, Memories, and Words: A Dialogue with Ruth Behar

With a central interest in translation as an inherent condition of subjects in contexts of migration, this article encourages a dialogue between ethnographic forms of expression and studies on translation. My exploration of the links between anthropology and translation, as well as their visual and poetic contours, comes through a conversation with Ruth Behar, a writer- anthropologist whose work is deeply rooted in several modes of translation, both through and beyond words, as she reflects upon diasporic identities. Through the critical reading of her observations, I hope to offer fresh insights into textual and visual possibilities of translation in anthropological writing, as well as provide an understanding of the complex relationship between translation, language, and the self- other nexus. More broadly, these reflections will contribute to a wider multimodal and multidisciplinary engagement of anthropology with social studies of identity, literary studies, comparative literature, poetic anthropology, visual semiotics, multisemiotic literacy, paratranslation, and other sciences of language. [translation, ethnographic writing, language, multimodality, Ruth Behar]RESUMENCon especial interés en la traducción como condición inherente de sujetos en contextos migratorios, este artículo provoca un diálogo entre formas de expresión etnográfica y estudios sobre traducción. Ese tránsito por líneas de conexión entre antropología y traducción, sus contornos visuales y poéticos, se da mediante una conversación con Ruth Behar, escritora- antropóloga cuyo trabajo aparece vinculado a diversos modos de traducción a través y más allá de las palabras, en sus reflexiones sobre identidades diaspóricas. Espero que las observaciones derivadas de este diálogo contribuyan a continuar pensando en nuevas posibilidades textuales y visuales de traducción en la escritura antropológica, y en las complejas relaciones entre traducción, lengua(jes) y el other- self. De una forma más amplia, estas reflexiones pueden estrechar las relaciones multimodales y multidisciplinarias de la antropología con los estudios sociales de identidad, estudios literarios, literatura comparada, antropología poética, semiótica visual, prácticas de lenguaje multisemóticas (literacy), paratraducción y otras ciencias del lenguaje. [traducción, escritura etnográfica, lenguaje, multimodalidad, Ruth Behar]RESUMOCom especial interesse na tradução como condição inerente de sujeitos em contextos migratórios, este artigo provoca um diálogo entre formas de expressão etnográfica e estudos sobre tradução. Esse transitar por linhas de conexão entre antropologia e tradução, seus contornos visuais e poéticos, acontece por meio de uma conversa com Ruth Behar, escritora- antropóloga cujo trabalho aparece vinculado a modos de tradução através e além das palavras, na medida em que reflete sobre identidades diaspóricas. Com esse diálogo, espero contribuir com novos insights para continuar aprofundando nas possibilidades textuais e visuais da tradução na escrita antropológica, e nas complexas relações entre tradução, língua(gens) e o other- self. De uma forma mais ampla, essas reflexões podem estreitar as relações multimodais e multidisciplinares da antropologia com os estudos sociais de identidade, estudos literários, literatura comparada, antropologia poética, semiótica visual, letramento multisemiótico, paratradução e outras ciências da linguagem. [tradução, escrita etnográfica, linguagem, multimodalidade, Ruth Behar]Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156502/2/aman13425.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156502/1/aman13425_am.pd