Analysis of a 750 MHz SRF Dipole Cavity

There is a growing interest in using rf transverse deflecting structures for a plethora of applications in the current and future high performance colliders. In this paper, we present the results of a proof of principle superconducting rf dipole, designed as a prototype for a 750 MHz crabbing corrector for the Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC), which has been successfully tested at 4.2 K and 2 K at the Jefferson Lab’s Vertical Testing Area (VTA). The analysis of its rf performance during cryogenic testing, along with Helium pressure sensitivity, Lorentz detuning, surface resistance, and multipacting processing analysis are presented in this work. Detailed calculations of losses at the port flanges are included for completeness of the cavity’s cryogenic performance studies

Multipacting optimization of a 750 MHz rf dipole

Crab crossing schemes have been proposed to re-instate luminosity degradation due to crossing angles at the interaction points in next generation colliders to avoid the use of sharp bending magnets and their resulting large synchrotron radiation generation, highly undesirable in the detector region. The rf dipole has been considered for a different set of applications in several machines, both rings and linear colliders. We present in this paper a study of the effects on the multipacting levels and location depending on geometrical variations on the design for a crabbing/deflecting application in a high current (3/0.5 A), high repetition (750 MHz) electron/proton collider, as a matter to provide a comparison point for similar applications of rf dipoles

Multipole and Field Uniformity Tailoring of a 750 MHz RF Dipole

In recent years great interest has been shown in developing rf structures for beam separation, correction of geometrical degradation on luminosity, and diagnostic applications in both lepton and hadron machines. The rf dipole being a very promising one among all of them. The rf dipole has been tested and proven to have attractive properties that include high shunt impedance, low and balance surface fields, absence of lower order modes and far-spaced higher order modes that simplify their damping scheme. As well as to be a compact and versatile design in a considerable range of frequencies, its fairly simple geometry dependency is suitable both for fabrication and surface treatment. The rf dipole geometry can also be optimized for lowering multipacting risk and multipole tailoring to meet machine specific field uniformity tolerances. In the present work a survey of field uniformities, and multipole contents for a set of 750 MHz rf dipole designs is presented as both a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the inherent flexibility of the structure and its limitations

Tests of an RF Dipole Crabbing Cavity for an Electron-Ion Collider

On the scheme of developing a medium energy electron-ion collider (MEIC) at Jefferson Lab, we have designed a compact superconducting rf dipole cavity at 750 MHz to crab both electron and ion bunches and increase luminosities at the interaction points (IP) of the machine. Following the design optimization and characterization of the electromagnetic properties such as peak surface fields and shunt impedance, along with field nonuniformities, multipole components content, higher order modes (HOM) and multipacting, a prototype cavity was built by Niowave Inc. The 750 MHz prototype crab cavity has been tested at 4 K and is ready for re-testing at 4 K and 2 K at Jefferson Lab. In this paper we present the detailed results of the rf tests performed on the 750 MHz crab cavity prototype

Molecular Control of the Amount, Subcellular Location and Activity State of Translation Elongation Factor 2 (eEF-2) in Neurons Experiencing Stress

Eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) is an important regulator of the protein translation machinery wherein it controls the movement of the ribosome along the mRNA. The activity of eEF-2 is regulated by changes in cellular energy status and nutrient availability, and posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and mono-ADP-ribosylation. However, the mechanisms regulating protein translation under conditions of cellular stress in neurons are unknown. Here we show that when rat hippocampal neurons experience oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation induced by exposure to cumene hydroperoxide; CH), eEF-2 is hyperphosphorylated and ribosylated resulting in reduced translational activity. The degradation of eEF-2 requires calpain proteolytic activity and is accompanied by accumulation of eEF-2 in the nuclear compartment. The subcellular localization of both native and phosphorylated forms of eEF-2 is influenced by CRM1 and 14.3.3, respectively. In hippocampal neurons p53 interacts with non-phosphorylated (active) eEF-2, but not with its phosphorylated form. The p53 – eEF-2 complexes are present in cytoplasm and nucleus, and their abundance increases when neurons experience oxidative stress. The nuclear localization of active eEF-2 depends upon its interaction with p53, as cells lacking p53 contain less active eEF-2 in the nuclear compartment. Overexpression of eEF-2 in hippocampal neurons results in increased nuclear levels of eEF-2, and decreased cell death following exposure to CH. Our results reveal novel molecular mechanisms controlling the differential subcellular localization and activity state of eEF-2 that may influence the survival status of neurons during periods of elevated oxidative stress.España, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación BFU2010-20882.España, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte postdoctoral fellowship (EX2009-0918

Genetic divergence in the ascidian Pyura praeputialis (= Pyura stoloniftra) (Heller, 1878) from mainland Australia and Tasmania

In Australia, the sea squirt is found off the mainland and off the island of Tasmania. The extent of genetic divergence between insular and mainland continental samples was determined by performing a DNA anaysis using PCR--RFLP on the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. The two mainland populations were polymorphic and showed similar type frequencies, but both were significantly different from the Tasmanian population. This was also monomorphic, showing a unique type, absent from the two continental populations. The genetic differentiation could be explained by the lack flow observed between both mainland and Tasmanian populations

Cryogenic Test of a 750 MHz Superconducting RF Dipole Crabbing Cavity

A superconducting rf dipole cavity has been designed to address the challenges of a high repetition rate (750 MHz), high current for both electron/ion species (0.5/3 A per bunch), and large crossing angle (50 mrad) at the interaction points (IPs) crabbing system for the Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) proposed by Jefferson Lab. The cavity prototype built at Niowave, Inc. has been tested at the Jefferson Lab facilities. In this work we present a detailed analysis of the prototype cavity performance at 4 K and 2 K, corroborating the absence of hard multipacting barriers that could limit the desired transverse fields, along with the surface resistance (Rs) temperature dependency

To be or not to be better pollinated: Differences between sex morphs in marginal gynodioecious populations

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Changes in the pollinator communities of marginal plant populations can affect their pollination quantity or quality. Geographic variation in pollination success can alter the reproductive advantage that female plants require to persist within gynodioecious populations. Particularly valuable is determining the pollination success at the prezygotic stage in self-compatible gynodioecious species whose females do not exhibit enhanced seed production. METHODS: In core and marginal populations of Daphne laureola, we analyzed the differences between hermaphrodites and females in the proportion of flowers visited, the stigma pollen loads, and the quantity of pollen tubes in styles. We also examined the relationship between the number of pollen tubes in styles vs. the number of pollen grains on stigmas using piecewise regression and binomial generalized linear mixed models. KEY RESULTS: Pollinators deposited larger pollen loads on flowers in marginal populations. In marginal populations, female flowers received more pollinator visits and more pollen grains on their stigmas, and they had more pollen tubes in their styles than did female flowers in core populations. Both piecewise regression and binomial GLMM analyses showed that females in marginal populations had a lower proportion of grains that developed tubes than females in the core populations, which suggests decreased pollination quality. CONCLUSIONS: More efficient pollination services in marginal populations decreased the overall differences in the prezygotic pollination success between the sex morphs. Our results also suggest that pollination quality is lower in females of marginal populations, which could be counteracting the increased pollination in females in marginal populations.Peer Reviewe

Effect of force angle on the strain distribution of osseointegrated dental implants

International audienceIn this work, we investigate the response of the anisotropic maxilla bone in the peri-implant region, when osseointegrated implants are subjected to external forces at different angles, based on the stress and strain distribution by the finite element method. Models were created to represent a portion of a maxilla bone (upper first molar region) with two types of implants which have different thread geometry (squared and V-shaped) and material (Ti-6AL-4V ELI and grade IV Titanium). Compressive axial (150 N) and oblique load (150 N at 45° angle) were applied to anisotropic models of the bone tissues. Complete osseointegration was assumed. Results demonstrated that the increase of the implant inclination leads to a more critical behaviour. Oblique loading is more detrimental to stress and strain distribution than axial load. Stress fields were more efficiently distributed by squared thread implants

Design of Electron and Ion Crabbing Cavities For an Electron-Ion Collider

Beyond the 12 GeV upgrade at the Jefferson Lab a Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) is being considered. In order to achieve the desired high luminosities at the Interaction Points (IP), the use of crabbing cavities is under study. In this work, we will present up to date designs of superconducting cavities, considered for crabbing both ion and electron bunches. A discussion of properties such as peak surface fields and Higher Order Modes (HOMs) separation will be presented