Is the unemployment inflation trade-off still alive in the Euro Area and its member countries? It seems so

The unemployment inflation trade-off can be interpreted as a proposition concerning the response of these two variables to aggregate demand shocks. In this paper we study the possible presence of the trade-off in the Euro Area and in a wide group of Euroarea countries in the last 20 years, i.e. since the start of EMU. We use the structural VAR methodology that allows the separation between supply and demand shocks. Our main finding is that the existence of a trade-off is largely confirmed both at the Euro Area and at the national level. Nevertheless, the size of the trade-off, measured at different horizons, shows some heterogeneity among countries. No less important, when we augment the VAR model by introducing monetary policy in the context of an open economy, we find that monetary policy shocks push inflation and unemployment in opposite directions in the Currency Area. Another interesting result concerns the evidence of a relatively flat relation between unemployment and inflation, conditionally to monetary policy shocks

Measurements of heat transferred to solid deuterium from a source similar to the thermal background in an IFE chamber

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.Experiments and modeling have been conducted to investigate the heat transfer from a thermal background similar with that from an IFE chamber filled with a protective gas to a deuterium ice layer mimicking an IFE target. Simulations predict that the heat transferred to the deuterium ice layer depends on sticking and accommodation coefficients but their values are not available in the literature. Depending upon these values the target could melt completely, so accurate values of these parameters determine the viability of different operational conditions for an IFE plant. An experiment was designed to estimate the sticking coefficient and the heat transferred through Xe atoms condensation. The experiment developed the high-temperature, high-velocity conditions that a target will experience in the fusion reactor expanding Xe gas (T> 2000 K) through a nozzle (atom velocity 400m/s) and the gas-surface interactions by directing this beam onto a planar cryogenic target. Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction was used to measure the rate of Xe condensation on the cryogenic substrate. It was measured that less than a monolayer (ML) occurred on a Si substrate at 200, 100, 85 and 70 K at a separation distance of 6.5 cm from nozzle. The heat of condensation was negligible and the implications of this result for the IFE target heating during injection in the fusion chamber were analyzed. Ablation of at least 1 monolayer of Si was also observed when Si (70 K) was exposed to an Ar beam (at 6.5 cm from substrate). A second method (3-ω method) was developed and investigated to measure the total heat flux transferred to the IFE target which is provided mainly through collisions (for a negligible sticking coefficient) of Xe atoms with the target. This method successfully measured the rate heat was extracted from a liquid deuterium volume when it was frozen (1.2 J/s). Heat sources are to overcome the cooling capacity of the cryogenic system in order to measure the rate heat flows into the deuterium ice

Facile Removal of Leader Peptides from Lanthipeptides by Incorporation of a Hydroxy Acid

The biosynthesis of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide (RiPP) natural products typically involves a precursor peptide which contains a leader peptide that is important for the modification process, and that is removed in the final step by a protease. Genome mining efforts for new RiPPs are often hampered by the lack of a general method to remove the leader peptides. We describe here the incorporation of hydroxy acids into the precursor peptides in <i>E. coli</i> which results in connection of the leader peptide via an ester linkage that is readily cleaved by simple hydrolysis. We demonstrate the method for two lantibiotics, lacticin 481 and nukacin ISK-1

Non‐Price Competitiveness Factors—A simple measure and implications for the five largest euro area countries

This paper obtains a versatile measure of non-price competitiveness factors (NPCF) based on a simple international trade model. Trade frictions are reinterpreted as the NPCF conditions (inferior product quality, suboptimal geographical and industry specialisation of exports and any other limitations of the production and exporting channels) that inhibit trade. The set-up is applied to the five largest euro area economies for the period 2000–2018. Over this period, NPCF have improved significantly in the Netherlands and Spain, mildly in Italy and Germany and mildly worsened in France. In all countries, the improvement in NPCF has been more intense and sustained in the first half of the period and more unstable in the second half. The set-up is also applied at the product level, considering four types of products depending on the stage of processing, rendering results which are similar across product types and aligned with those for the whole economy. The results suggest that the conventional North–South divide in the euro area might not be entirely applicable regarding NPCF