Capacity Building and Challenges of Compliance with Global Best Practices in Labour-Management Relations in Bayelsa State

A very important reason(s) for building the capacity of workers in any organization either in public or private sector is to enable them acquire knowledge, skills and technical know-how needed to improve upon their performances. In Bayelsa State South South Nigeria, issues of workers capacity building are very eminent and the question that comes to mind is; are workers expose to different forms of training to equip them with practices on global trends in labour management relations?  This study examined the challenges of building workers capacity in the civil service and recommended the institutionalization of regular training and re-training of workers for effective service delivery. This is an important step to boost workers morale for increase productivity and to update their competencies required to translate government policies and programmes into action for industrial peace and harmony in the State. Keywords: training, workers, union, organizations, conventions, governmen

Evaluation of the Nigerian national antiretroviral (ARV) treatment training programme

There is an understanding that greater availability of HIV treatment for the 40.3 million people currently infected with HIV is a humanitarian imperative that could prolong the lives of millions, restore economic productivity, and stabilise societies in some of the world's hardest-hit regions. The Nigerian government recognises that the country has the third highest burden of infection, with people living with HIV estimated to total 4.0 million, and so in 2002 commenced the implementation of one of Africa's largest antiretroviral (ARV) treatment programmes. A successful ARV programme requires that all components of a functional management system be put in place for effective and efficient functioning. This would include logistics, human resources, financial planning, and monitoring and evaluation systems, as well as sustainable institutional capacities. The Nigerian national ARV treatment training programme was conceived to meet the human resource needs in hospitals providing ARV therapy. This paper reports on the evaluation of the training programme. It examines knowledge and skills gained, and utilisation thereof. Recommendations are made for improved training effectiveness and for specific national policy on training, to meet the demand for scaling up therapy to the thousands who need ARV. Keywords: ARV, training, evaluation, HIV, health care providerJournal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Initiatve Vol. 3 (3) 2006: pp. 488-50

Biochemical response of normal albino rats to the addition of aqueous leaves extract of Hibiscus cannabinus and Murraya koenigii in rats drinking water

Experiments were conducted to determine the biochemical effect of Hibiscus cannabinus and Murraya koenigii extracts on normal albino rats  using standard methods. Analyses carried out indicated that the aqueousleaf extract of H. cannabinus and M. koenigii exhibited significant  hypolipideamic activity in normal rats. Results of phytochemical studies showed that flavonoids and glycosides are the major chemical constituent of the leaf extract. Overall results indicate a significant (P<0.05) reduction of serum cholesterol, triglycerol at both concentration of 5 and 10 mg/Kg b.wt. No significant effect is seen in the hematological indices, serum glucose,  Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT). The  significance of this study is thus discussed.Key words: Hibiscus cannabinus, Murraya koenigii, flavonoid, Hypolipidemi

Pre-treatment, Physicochemical Properties and Production of Bioethanol from Rice Husk using Fungi Isolated from Waste Dumpsite in Kaduna, Nigeria

This research is based on the pre-treatment and physicochemical characterization of rice husk and production of Bioethanol from rice husk using fungal isolates obtained from waste dump sites in Kaduna Nigeria. Standard procedures were followed. The results revealed a reduction in lignin (from 21.40 to 12.08%), hemicellulose (22.04-18.92%), protein (14.56-8.56%) and ash (1.31-1.04%) contents which resulted to an increase in the cellulosic fraction (49.55-58.29%) of the rice husk.. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the reducing sugar concentrations of the 50g substrate concentration using Aspergillus niger SIF2 (0.60±0.30mg/ml), Aspergillus flavus CMXY22565 (0.56±0.29mg/ml) and a consortium (1.17±0.82mg/ml) of both organisms after 120 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis. The results also revealed a significant yield (p<0.05) in bioethanol production using Pichia kudriavzevii IPBCC.y.161552 (4.91±2.51%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae FJI (5.39±2.87%) and a consortium (9.02±4.83%) of both organisms. There was an increase in temperature and titratable acidity and a decrease in pH and specific gravity. The FTIR revealed a high ethanol content of 68% from the bioethanol produced from the 50g substrate concentration hydrolysed and fermented using a consortium of molds and yeasts. The results therefore suggest that bioethanol can be produced from rice husk with maximum yields obtained using a consortium of Aspergillus niger SIF2 and Aspergillus flavus CMXY22565 for hydrolysis as well as a consortium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae FJI and Pichia kudriavzevii IPBCC.y.161552 for fermentation

Validation of Commercial SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassays in a Nigerian Population

Validated assays are essential for reliable serosurveys; however, most SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays have been validated using specimens from China, Europe, or U.S. populations. We evaluated the performance of five commercial SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays to inform their use in serosurveys in Nigeria. Four semiquantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (Euroimmun anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein [NCP] immunoglobulin G [IgG], Euroimmun spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Mologic Omega COVID-19 IgG, Bio-Rad Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab) and one chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG) were evaluated. We estimated the analytical performance characteristics using plasma from 100 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive patients from varied time points post-PCR confirmation and 100 prepandemic samples (50 HIV positive and 50 hepatitis B positive). The Bio-Rad assay failed the manufacturer-specified validation steps. The Euroimmun NCP, Euroimmun spike, and Mologic assays had sensitivities of 73.7%, 74.4%, and 76.9%, respectively, on samples taken 15 to 58 days after PCR confirmation and specificities of 97%, 100%, and 83.8%, respectively. The Abbott assay had 71.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity on the same panel. Parallel or serial algorithms combining two tests did not substantially improve the sensitivity or specificity. Our results showed lower sensitivity and, for one immunoassay, lower specificity compared to the manufacturers' results and other reported validations. Seroprevalence estimates using these assays might need to be interpreted with caution in Nigeria and similar settings. These findings highlight the importance of in-country validations of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays prior to use to ensure that accurate results are available for public health decision-making to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. IMPORTANCE This study used positive and negative sample panels from Nigeria to test the performance of several commercially available SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. Using these prepandemic and SARS-CoV-2-positive samples, we found much lower levels of sensitivity in four commercially available assays than most assay manufacturer reports and independent evaluations. The use of these assays with suboptimal sensitivity and specificity in Nigeria or countries with population exposure to similar endemic pathogens could lead to a biased estimate of the seroprevalence, over- or underestimating the true disease prevalence, and limit efforts to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2. It is important to conduct in-country validations of serological SARS-CoV-2 assays prior to their widespread use, especially in countries with limited representation in published assay validations

Cryptosporidium Infection in Undernourished Children with HIV/AIDS in Jos, Nigeria

Background: AIDS and Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) severely impair the immune system Cryptosporidium has over the last two decades emerged as a life threatening disease. The study attempts to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in malnourished children with HIV/AIDS. Method: Blood and stool samples of 52 HIV-seropositive children and another 52 HIV-sero-negative children aged 0-5 years were collected and screened for HIV and Cryptosporidium oocysts respectively. The sera were screened by double ELISA and the stool by the modified Ziehl-Neelsen method. Results: Out of the 52 HIV-seropositive undernourished, under-five children, none (0%) excreted Cryptosporidium oocyst in their stools while 2 (3.8%) of the control group excreted the oocyst. Conclusion: Cryptosporidium infection seems to be uncommon among undernourished under five children with HIV/AIDS in Jos

Accumulation of Protease Mutations among Patients Failing Second-Line Antiretroviral Therapy and Response to Salvage Therapy in Nigeria

Background: To date, antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines and programs in resource-limited settings (RLS) have focused on 1st- and 2nd-line (2 L) therapy. As programs approach a decade of implementation, policy regarding access to 3rd-line (3 L) ART is needed. We aimed to examine the impact of maintaining patients on failing 2 L ART on the accumulation of protease (PR) mutations. Methods and Findings: From 2004–2011, the Harvard/APIN PEPFAR Program provided ART to >100,000 people in Nigeria. Genotypic resistance testing was performed on a subset of patients experiencing 2 L failure, defined as 2 consecutive viral loads (VL)>1000 copies/mL after ≥6 months on 2 L. Of 6714 patients who received protease inhibitor (PI)-based ART, 673 (10.0%) met virologic failure criteria. Genotypes were performed on 61 samples. Patients on non-suppressive 2 L therapy for 24 months. Patients developed a median of 0.6 (IQR: 0–1.4) IAS PR mutations per 6 months on failing 2 L therapy. In 38% of failing patients no PR mutations were present. For patients failing >24 months, high- or intermediate-level resistance to lopinavir and atazanavir was present in 63%, with 5% to darunavir. Conclusions: This is the first report assessing the impact of duration of non-suppressive 2 L therapy on the accumulation of PR resistance in a RLS. This information provides insight into the resistance cost of failing to switch non-suppressive 2 L regimens and highlights the issue of 3 L access

Antimicrobial Studies of Aqueous Extract of the Leaves of Lophira Lanceolata

ABSTRACT The antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of the leaves of Lophira lanceolata was tested on Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Selaginella selaginoides, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogens. The micro organisms were chosen because they are associated with dysentery, diarrhoea , skin infection, especially burn sites, wounds, pressure, sores and ulcer, The In vitro-antimicrobial assay recorded the zones of inhibition of bacterial and fungal growths. Extracts with inhibition zones greater than (&gt;10mm), were considered active The (MBC) of the aqueous extract showed considerable inhibition of the micro-organisms at higher doses. While the extract inhibited Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogens, at 800 mg/kg, the extracts are active at 1000 mg/kg. From the result of the MIC it was observed that the leaves aqueous extract shows comparable minimum inhibitory concentration on all the micro organisms with growth of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus, Streptococcus Pyogens and Selaginella selaginoides Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 6.25mg/ml while for, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, Shigella dysenteriae and Candida albicans showing at 12.5 mg/ml The leaves aqueoues extract shows comparable MBC to Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin, for organisms with 3.125 mg/ml for Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis, 6.25mg/ml for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger while showing 12.5 mg/ml for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogens and Selaginella selaginoides. This is being reported in this plant for the first time

Multidisciplinary approach to genomics research in Africa: the AfriCRAN model

This article is an outcome of the African Craniofacial Anomalies Research Network (AfriCRAN) Human Hereditary and Health (H3A) grant planning meeting in 2012 in Lagos, Nigeria. It describes the strengths of a multidisciplinary team approach to solving complex genetic traits in the craniofacial region. It also highlights the different components and argues for the composition of similar teams to fast track the discovery of disease genes, diagnostic tools, improved clinical treatment and ultimately prevention of diseases