Lessons From The Molecular Biology Of Neonatal Hyperbilirubinaemia.

Neonatal jaundice is the most common condition requiring medical attention in the newborn period. It has been classically attributed to a number of more or less common causes. The causes are classically divided in two main groups. The first group is comprising of conditions associated with an increase in break down of red blood cells such as Rhesus incompatibility, ABO blood group incompatibility, G6PD deficiency, birth trauma and polycythaemia. A second group consists of conditions in which the excretion of bilirubin is diminished such as breast feeding jaundice, breast milk jaundice, Gilbert syndrome or the more severe Crigler Najjar syndrome. Many babies however get jaundice

Are superficial neuromasts proprioceptors underlying fast copulatory behavior?

In male Poeciliid fishes, the modified anal fin (i.e., gonopodium) and its axial and appendicular support are repositioned within the axial skeleton, creating a novel sexually dimorphic ano-urogenital region. During copulation, the relative location of the gonopodium is crucial for successful insemination. Therefore, the repositioning of these structures and organ relied on the reorganization of the efferent circuitry that controls spinal motor neurons innervating appendicular muscles critical for the movement of the gonopodium, including the fast and synchronous torque-trust motion during insemination attempts. Copulation occurs when a male positions himself largely outside a female’s field of view, circumducts his gonopodium, and performs a rapid, complex maneuver to properly contact the female urogenital sinus with the distal tip of the gonopodium and transfers sperm. Although understanding of the efferent circuitry has significantly increased in the last 24 years, nothing is known about the cutaneous receptors involved in gonopodium movement, or how the afferent signals are processed to determine the location of this organ during copulation. Using Western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, as our model, we attempt to fill this gap in knowledge. Preliminary data showed cutaneous nerves and sensory neurons innervating superficial neuromasts surrounding the base of adult male gonopodium; those cutaneous nerves projected ventrally from the spinal cord through the 14th dorsal root ganglion and its corresponding ventral root towards the base and fin rays of the gonopodium. We asked what role the cutaneous superficial neuromasts play in controlling the positioning and timing of the gonopodium’s fast and synchronous movements for effective sperm transfer. First, we found a greater number of superficial neuromasts surrounding the base of the male’s gonopodium compared to the base of the female’s anal fin. Second, we systemically removed superficial neuromasts surrounding the gonopodium base and observed significant impairment of the positioning and timing of gonopodial movements. Our findings provide a first step to supporting the following hypothesis: during radical reorganization of the Poeciliid body plan, superficial neuromasts have been partially co-opted as proprioceptors that allow the gonopodium to control precise positioning and timing during copulatory attempts

Perceção dos alunos pré-práticos da Faculdade de Educação sobre o papel do profissional na biblioteconomia escolar no processo de ensino e aprendizagem

El presente artículo discute la necesidad de educar a futuros maestros sobre el rol de la biblioteca escolar en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Específicamente, la necesidad de que los futuros maestros aprendan a cómo colaborar con los profesionales en bibliotecología escolar en la enseñanza de las competencias de información.Considerando esta necesidad, se desarrolló un proyecto de colaboración que fue integrado en un curso de prepráctica de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, con la participación de estudiantes del curso de Competencias Informaciones y Tecnológicas de la Escuela Graduada de Ciencias y Tecnologías de la Información del mismo recinto.Los hallazgos de esta investigación evidenciaron que los futuros maestros carecen de conocimiento en torno a las competencias de información, así como sobre el rol de los profesionales en bibliotecología escolar en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Al finalizar el proyecto se evidenció un impacto positivo sobre la percepción de los futuros maestros hacia la biblioteca escolar y las futuras relaciones de colaboración que pueden desarrollarse, una vez iniciada su vida profesional como maestros.This article discusses the need for educating future teachers on the role of the school library in the processes of teaching and learning. Specifically, the need for future teachers to learn how to collaborate with the (ACE) library (ACE) school in the teaching of information skills. Whereas this need, developed a collaborative project that was integrated into a course of pre-practice for the Faculty of education of the University of Puerto Rico, with the participation of students of the course competencies information and technology of the Graduate School of science and information technology from the same venue. The findings ofthis research showed that future teachers librarians (as) lack of knowledge around the competencies of information, as well as on the role of the (ACE) school in the processes of teaching and learning. At the end of the project showed a positive impact on the perception of future teachers to the school library and futurecollaborative relationships that can develop after starting his professional career.Este artigo discute a necessidade de educar futuros professores sobre o papel da biblioteca escolar nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. Especificamente, a necessidade de os futuros professores aprenderem a colaborar com os profissionais da biblioteca escolar no ensino de competências de informação.Considerando esta necessidade, foi desenvolvido um projeto de colaboração que foi integrado em um curso de pré-prática da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de Porto Rico, com a participação de alunos do curso de Competências Informáticas e Tecnológicas da Escola de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e Tecnologias da Informação do mesmo campus.Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram que os futuros professores carecem de conhecimento sobre competências de informação, bem como sobre o papel dos profissionais de biblioteconomia escolar nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem. No final do projeto, houve um impacto positivo na perceção dos futuros professores em relação à biblioteca escolar e às futuras relações colaborativas que podem ser desenvolvidas, uma vez que a sua vida profissional como professores começou

A Narrative Review of Nutritional Status Among Iraqi Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a global public health problem especially in middle east countries and Iraq has not spared from this pandemic. The prevalence in Iraq. and rank in Middle East. Beside increasing in prevalence- also poor glucose control. Nutrition plays a critical role. This paper narratively review variables that affect  reduce the incidence of T2DM in Iraq and affect nutritional status among Iraqi withT2DM. The factors contribute  to T2DM were high rates of obesity and overweight, as well as levels of body fat indicate a high prevalence of poor glycemic control. Likewise, levels of physical activity are low among older Iraqis

<title language="por">COLONIZATION AND LABORATORY MAINTENANCE OFAnopheles albimanus WIEDEMANN IN VENEZUELA

Anopheles albimanus is one of the main vectors of malaria in Central America and the Caribbean, based on its importance, there are previous reports of the successful colonization of this species in Latin America countries. Mosquitoes were collected in the Aragua State of Venezuela colonized in the laboratory, using a simple and efficient maintenance method. Based on life table calculations under well established laboratory conditions, the Survival Rate Probability was constant and always close to 1 in immature stages, the Reproductive Net Rate (Ro) was 3.83, the generation time (Tc) was 24.5 days and the Intrinsic Growth Rate (rm) was 0.0558. This is the first report of the colonization of A. albimanus in Venezuela.<br>Colonização e manutenção no laboratório de Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann na Venezuela Anopheles albimanus é dos principais vetores da malária na América Central e Caribe, sendo a primeira vez que conseguimos sua colonização na Venezuela. Os mosquitos foram capturados no Estado Aragua e colonizados no laboratório através de um método simples e eficiente. Estimaramse parâmetros populacionais usando tabelas de vida em condições laboratoriais bem controladas, observandose probabilidade de sobrevivência constante próxima a 1 para os estadios imaturos. O potencial reprodutivo está representado por uma taxa reprodutiva (Ro) de 3,83, período entre gerações de 24,5 dias e uma taxa intrínseca de crescimento (rm) de 0,05