N′-(2,4-Dinitro­phen­yl)acetohydrazide

In the title compound, C8H8N4O5, the nitro groups ortho and para to the hydrazone group are twisted by 10.0 (2) and 3.6 (2)°, respectively, relative to the aromatic ring. The structure exhibits an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond between the hydrazide and ortho-nitro groups. There is a strong inter­molecular C=O⋯H—N hydrogen bond, giving rise to chains, and weaker ONO⋯NO2 [2.944 (2) Å] and C—H⋯O—N inter­actions linking the mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network

Methyl 2-methyl-4-(oxiran-2-ylmeth­oxy)-2H-1,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxyl­ate 1,1-dioxide

In the title compound, C14H15NO6S, the thia­zine ring adopts a distorted half-chair conformation. The structure displays several cooperative weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions, giving rise to a two-dimensional sheet packing motif. The CH2 group in the meth­oxy linker to the oxirane ring, and the CH group in that ring, exhibit twofold positional disorder. The three-membered oxirane ring is twisted approximately perpendicular with respect to thia­zine ring (dihedral angle = 60/86° for the major/minor disorder components). 1,2-Benzothia­zines of this kind have a wide range of biological activities and are mainly used as medicines in the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis

5-Amino-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C10H9N3O2, the pyrazole ring is approximately coplanar with the amino and carboxyl groups. The phenyl group is twisted by 48.13 (3)° relative to this plane. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond stabilizes the planar conformation of the mol­ecule. The mol­ecules are linked into two-dimensional sheets by two strong inter­molecular N—H⋯N and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The latter forms the classic carboxylic acid dimer motif

Methyl 4-eth­oxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothia­zine-3-carboxyl­ate 1,1-dioxide

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C13H15NO5S, the mol­ecules exhibit weak S=O⋯H—C and C=O⋯H—C inter­molecular inter­actions and arrange themselves into centrosymmetric dimers by means of π–π inter­actions (ring centroids are separated by 3.619 Å, while the closest C⋯C contacts are 3.514 Å). 1,2-Benzothia­zines of this kind have a range of biological activities and are used as medicines in the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis

Ethyl 5-amino-1-(4-chloro-2-nitro­phen­yl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxyl­ate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C12H11ClN4O4, the pyrazole ring is coplanar with the amino and ethoxy­carbonyl groups within 0.026 (2) and 0.105 (2) Å, respectively. The C 6 ring of the 4-chloro-2-nitro­phenyl group is twisted by 53.58 (4)° relative to the plane of the pyrazole ring. The planar structure of the pyrazole ring is stabilized by an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond between its substituents. Neighbouring mol­ecules are linked through inter­molecular N—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, giving rise to one-dimensional tapes along the b axis. Mol­ecules in the chain are linked to those of an adjacent chain through weak C—H⋯O inter­actions, forming a three-dimensional network

Improvement of Plant Responses by Nanobiofertilizer: A Step towards Sustainable Agriculture

Drastic changes in the climate and ecosystem due to natural or anthropogenic activities have severely affected crop production globally. This concern has raised the need to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategies, particularly for keeping pace with the demands of the growing population. The use of nanobiofertilizers in agriculture opens a new chapter in the sustainable production of crops. The application of nanoparticles improves the growth and stress tolerance in plants. Inoculation of biofertilizers is another strategy explored in agriculture. The combination of nanoparticles and biofertilizers produces nanobiofertilizers, which are cost-effective and more potent and eco-friendly than nanoparticles or biofertilizers alone. Nanobiofertilizers consist of biofertilizers encapsulated in nanoparticles. Biofertilizers are the preparations of plant-based carriers having beneficial microbial cells, while nanoparticles are microscopic (1–100 nm) particles that possess numerous advantages. Silicon, zinc, copper, iron, and silver are the commonly used nanoparticles for the formulation of nanobiofertilizer. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles enhances their performance and characteristics. The use of nanobiofertilizers is more effective than other traditional strategies. They also perform their role better than the common salts previously used in agriculture to enhance the production of crops. Nanobiofertilizer gives better and more long-lasting results as compared to traditional chemical fertilizers. It improves the structure and function of soil and the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes of plants. The formation and application of nanobiofertilizer is a practical step toward smart fertilizer that enhances growth and augments the yield of crops. The literature on the formulation and application of nanobiofertilizer at the field level is scarce. This product requires attention, as it can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and make the soil and crops healthy. This review highlights the formulation and application of nanobiofertilizer on various plant species and explains how nanobiofertilizer improves the growth and development of plants. It covers the role and status of nanobiofertilizer in agriculture. The limitations of and future strategies for formulating effective nanobiofertilizer are mentioned

Improvement of Plant Responses by Nanobiofertilizer : A Step towards Sustainable Agriculture

Drastic changes in the climate and ecosystem due to natural or anthropogenic activities have severely affected crop production globally. This concern has raised the need to develop environmentally friendly and cost-effective strategies, particularly for keeping pace with the demands of the growing population. The use of nanobiofertilizers in agriculture opens a new chapter in the sustainable production of crops. The application of nanoparticles improves the growth and stress tolerance in plants. Inoculation of biofertilizers is another strategy explored in agriculture. The combination of nanoparticles and biofertilizers produces nanobiofertilizers, which are cost-effective and more potent and eco-friendly than nanoparticles or biofertilizers alone. Nanobiofertilizers consist of biofertilizers encapsulated in nanoparticles. Biofertilizers are the preparations of plant-based carriers having beneficial microbial cells, while nanoparticles are microscopic (1-100 nm) particles that possess numerous advantages. Silicon, zinc, copper, iron, and silver are the commonly used nanoparticles for the formulation of nanobiofertilizer. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles enhances their performance and characteristics. The use of nanobiofertilizers is more effective than other traditional strategies. They also perform their role better than the common salts previously used in agriculture to enhance the production of crops. Nanobiofertilizer gives better and more long-lasting results as compared to traditional chemical fertilizers. It improves the structure and function of soil and the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and yield attributes of plants. The formation and application of nanobiofertilizer is a practical step toward smart fertilizer that enhances growth and augments the yield of crops. The literature on the formulation and application of nanobiofertilizer at the field level is scarce. This product requires attention, as it can reduce the use of chemical fertilizer and make the soil and crops healthy. This review highlights the formulation and application of nanobiofertilizer on various plant species and explains how nanobiofertilizer improves the growth and development of plants. It covers the role and status of nanobiofertilizer in agriculture. The limitations of and future strategies for formulating effective nanobiofertilizer are mentioned.Peer reviewe

4-Hydroxy-4,6a,6b,9,9,12a,14b-heptamethylperhydropicen-3-one hemihydrate isolated from Adiantum incisum

The title compound, C29H48O2·0.5H2O, is a triterpenoid isolated from the stems and rhizomes of Adiantum incisum. The basic skeleton of the mol­ecule contains five six-membered rings, all adopting chair conformations, bearing a total of seven methyl, one hydroxyl and a keto group. There are two mol­ecules of the triterpene and one water molecule of crystallization in the asymmetric unit. The two unique triterpenoid mol­ecules hydrogen-bond directly via an O—H⋯O=C inter­action, and are also bridged by the water mol­ecule. The water also bridges to another pair of hydrogen-bonded triterpenoid mol­ecules

2-Imino-3-(2-nitro­phen­yl)-1,3-thia­zolidin-4-one

In the title compound, C9H7N3O3S, the nitro and thia­zolidinone moieties are inclined with respect to the aromatic ring at dihedral angles of 9.57 (16) and 78.42 (4)°, respectively. In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding connects the mol­ecules along the c and a axes to form a two-dimensional polymeric network. A weak S⋯O inter­action [3.2443 (11) Å] and phenyl ring to phenyl ring off-set π⋯π stacking [with centroid–centroid separation of 3.6890 (7) Å and ring slippage of 1.479 Å] link the polymeric chains along the b and a axes, respectively

Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment

Rabies is an avertable viral disease caused by the rabid animal to the warm blooded animals (zoonotic) especially human. Rabies occurs in more than 150 countries and territories. According to an estimation by WHO, almost 55,000 people die because of rabies every year. The Dogs are the major reason behind this, approximately 99% human deaths caused by dog's bites. Developing and under developing countries, both are the victims of rabies. With the post-exposure preventive regimes, 327,000 people can prevent this disease annually