Distribution of the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Oregon

Data from a four-year (1981-1984) distributional study suggest that, in Oregon, the apple maggot <i>Rhagoletis pomonella</i> (Walsh) is established in the interior valleys (especially the Willamette Valley) along the Columbia River Gorge and at isolated locations along the Oregon coast. An analysis of the general distribution pattern and some earlier records suggests that the apple maggot may have been in Oregon for nearly four decades

Modelling the costs and benefits of hybrid buses from a whole-life perspective

Hybrid electric-diesel engine technologies offer the potential to reduce fuel consumption in buses by around 40%. These savings can largely be attributed to regenerative braking – the ability to store in a battery energy that would otherwise have been lost under braking. Lower fuel consumption makes sense economically for bus operators through reduced running costs; hybrid engines have other wider benefits, though, such as reducing emissions and noise, and providing smoother acceleration and braking. The costs associated with hybrid technologies are significant, however, with hybrid vehicles currently costing around 50% more to buy than conventional buses. With Alexander Dennis and BAE Systems, UCL is conducting a three-year systems engineering research and development project to adapt and optimise hybrid buses for the UK and European market. This paper investigates one aspect of this project – the costs and benefits of introducing hybrid bus technologies from a whole-life perspective. We find that fuel and emissions savings alone do not provide a compelling case for hybrid buses based on current prices. However, as the cost of fuel rises, and when the social and environmental impacts of motor vehicle use are better accounted for, hybrid technology outperforms conventional diesel technology

Phenotypic Switching of Adipose Tissue Macrophages With Obesity Is Generated by Spatiotemporal Differences in Macrophage Subtypes

OBJECTIVE—To establish the mechanism of the phenotypic switch of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) from an alternatively activated (M2a) to a classically activated (M1) phenotype with obesity

Distribution of the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Oregon

Data from a four-year (1981-1984) distributional study suggest that, in Oregon, the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is established in the interior valleys (especially the Willamette Valley) along the Columbia River Gorge and at isolated locations along the Oregon coast. An analysis of the general distribution pattern and some earlier records suggests that the apple maggot may have been in Oregon for nearly four decades

Ocular toxoplasmosis: phenotype differences between toxoplasma IgM positive and IgM negative patients in a large cohort

Purpose: To investigate the differences in demographics and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis according to their IgM status. Methods: Retrospective case note analysis was carried out on patients who tested positive for serum Toxoplasma gondii-specific IgM antibodies (IgM+) as well as a comparator group who tested negative for serum IgM (IgM-), but positive for serum IgG. Patient demographics and clinical features were compared between the two groups to evaluate for any significant differences. Results: One hundred and six patients were included in the study between March 2011 and June 2018, consisting of 37 in the IgM +group and 69 in the IgM- group. Patients in the IgM +group were significantly older (51.1 vs 34.1 years, p<0.0001), more likely to present with central macular lesions (32% vs 12%, p=0.012), and more likely to develop rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (11% vs 1%, p=0.049). In contrast, patients in the IgM- group were more likely present with pain (20% vs 3%, 0.017) and exhibit more severe inflammation of the anterior chamber and vitreous (p<0.05). Overall, retinal lesions were more likely to be superotemporal (55%) and superonasal (31%). Furthermore, age was associated with larger (p=0.003) and more peripheral lesions (p=0.007). Conclusions: This study demonstrated significant differences in clinical characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis according to serum IgM status. IgM+ patients were older, less likely to report pain, had lower levels of intraocular inflammation, but were more likely to have macular involvement. We also found age to be correlated with larger and more peripheral lesions

Ethyl 6-methyl-4-[2-(4,4,5,5-tetra­methyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)thio­phen-3-yl]-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­pyrimidine-5-carboxyl­ate

A new Biginelli compound, C18H25BN2O4S2, containing a boronate ester group was synthesized from a lithium bromide-catalysed reaction. The compound crystallizes with two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit that differ mainly in the conformation of the ester functionality. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O and N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds involving the 3,4-dihydro­pyrimidine-2(1H)-thione NH groups as donors and the carbonyl O and thio­phene S atoms as acceptors