Maritime trade and society of Tamil Muslims in the Indian Ocean world, c. 1780-1840

This dissertation examines the maritime trade and society of South Indian Tamil-speaking Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It examines how these merchants, in a period marked by transition to colonial rule in India under the English East India Company (EIC), not only continued to trade along India’s southern and eastern coasts but also expanded their sphere of operations to include the newly established EIC entrepôts of Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819). This project accounts for this historical development by emphasizing two interrelated processes: the adoption of a specific set of trading practices by Tamil Muslim merchants and the creation of new opportunities by the expansion of EIC rule in South and Southeast Asia. In the Indian Ocean littoral region, governed by competing sovereignties, these merchants adopted diverse subjecthoods that guaranteed protection of their ships on sea. The merchants actively participated in new opportunities to transport salt from South India to Bengal, managed pearl and chank (conch shell) fisheries along the coasts of South India and Sri Lanka, and transported Indian textiles to Southeast Asia. The merchants entered into partnerships with English merchants to raise capital for their trade voyages. In short, this study challenges the dominant narrative of decline of Indian maritime merchants by 1800 and offers instead, in a revisionist vein, an account of continuity of operation well into the early decades of the nineteenth century. In doing so, my dissertation accomplishes three objectives: expand our understanding of maritime aspects of India’s colonial economy, demonstrate a resurgence in the intra-Asian trade in the early nineteenth century, and explain the evolving relationship between merchants, the EIC state, and indigenous rulers.Histor

NANOEMULSIONS FOR PROSTRATE CANCER THERAPY: AN OVERVIEW

The objective of this review is to focus the inferences of low/poor bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality for the oral delivery of drugs in prostatecancer therapy. To overcome such problems, various formulation strategies has been reported including various methods for the use of surfactants,cyclodextrins, solid dispersions, micronization, permeation enhancers, and lipids. Flutamide is an antiandrogen drug and used for the therapy of prostate cancer. The flutamide drug is having limited clinical application due to its poor water solubility and needs enhancement of its dissolution rate in simulated gastric fluids. The lipid-based formulations such as nanoemulsion have been shown to improve the solubility and oral absorption of lipophilic drugs. To conclude, this article emphasizes the various approaches of nanoemulsion based formulation for prostate cancer therapy.Â

Pemanfaatan Metode Saw Pendukung Keputusan Penilaian Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran

Students who are in junior high school should have been able to read children stories appreciative. However, based on the results of research that has been done, appreciative children\u27s story reading skills in students is still low due to the model applied learning teachers have not been effective. This study is a follow-up that aims to identify effective learning model that can be used by teachers in teaching reading children stories appreciative. The learning model studied is a model of Group Investigation (GI) and Jurisprudential Inquiry (JI) to utilize the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method for support decision. The criteria on which the decision is motivation and student learning outcomes. Based on the analysis of data using SAW method, it is known that an effective learning model applied to teachers in teaching reading children\u27s stories are appreciative GI learning model. Siswa yang duduk di bangku SMP selayaknya telah mampu membaca apresiatif cerita anak. Namun, berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, keterampilan membaca apresiatif cerita anak pada siswa masih rendah dikarenakan model pembelajaran yang diterapkan guru belum efektif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lanjutan yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui model pembelajaran efektif yang dapat digunakan guru dalam pembelajaran membaca apresiatif cerita anak. Model pembelajaran yang diteliti adalah model Group Investigation (GI) dan Jurisprudential Inquiry (JI) dengan memanfaatkan metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) sebagai pendukung keputusan. Adapun kriteria yang menjadi dasar pengambilan keputusan adalah motivasi dan hasil belajar siswa. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dengan menggunakan metode SAW, dapat diketahui bahwa model pembelajaran yang efektif diterapkan guru dalam pembelajaran membaca apresiatif cerita anak adalah model pembelajaran GI

A comparative study between APACHE II and RANSON scoring system in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A comparative study between APACHE II and RANSON scoring system in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis, is a prospective study of 50 cases of acute pancreatitis with the objective to compare the efficacy of APACHE II scoring system with RANSON scoring system in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: 50 cases of acute pancreatitis admitted in Govt. Royapettah Hospital, Chennai, were considered in the study .All patients diagnosed with acute pancreatitis based on clinical suspicion and raised serum amylase levels were assessed with multiple variables of APACHE II and RANSON scoring system, the scores of which would indicate the severity of the disease and the scores were compared with raised serum amylase levels to know the efficacy of both the scoring systems. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (ppv) and negative predictive value (npv) of both scoring system in the present study was compared with the standard literature. RESULTS: The APACHE II scoring system had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity 80%, positive predictive value (ppv) 62% and negative predictive value (npv) 100%. The RANSON scoring system had sensitivity of 66.7%, specificity 86.7%, positive predictive value (ppv) 33% and negative predictive value (npv) 96%. Area under curve (AUC) in APACHE II was 0.717 and in RANSON was 0.667. Of the 50 cases, 12 cases were considered severe pancreatitis of which all 12 were severe according to APACHE II but only 4 of the 12 were considered severe by RANSON score. There was no mortality in the study. Local and systemic complications were seen in patients considered severe by APACHE II score only. CONCLUSION: The APACHE II system takes into account all the major risk factors that influence outcome from disease, including the acute physiological derangements as well as patient ability to recover which may be diminished by advancing age or chronic disease. The range of APACHE II score is wide providing better spread between mild and severe attacks, because varying weights are assigned to increasingly abnormal values, rather than all or none judgements than RANSON scoring system. By the results obtained it can be concluded that APACHE II score is better than RANSON score in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis

Analysis of airborne Doppler lidar, Doppler radar and tall tower measurements of atmospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather

The first experiment to combine airborne Doppler Lidar and ground-based dual Doppler Radar measurements of wind to detail the lower tropospheric flows in quiescent and stormy weather was conducted in central Oklahoma during four days in June-July 1981. Data from these unique remote sensing instruments, coupled with data from conventional in-situ facilities, i.e., 500-m meteorological tower, rawinsonde, and surface based sensors, were analyzed to enhance understanding of wind, waves and turbulence. The purposes of the study were to: (1) compare winds mapped by ground-based dual Doppler radars, airborne Doppler lidar, and anemometers on a tower; (2) compare measured atmospheric boundary layer flow with flows predicted by theoretical models; (3) investigate the kinematic structure of air mass boundaries that precede the development of severe storms; and (4) study the kinematic structure of thunderstorm phenomena (downdrafts, gust fronts, etc.) that produce wind shear and turbulence hazardous to aircraft operations. The report consists of three parts: Part 1, Intercomparison of Wind Data from Airborne Lidar, Ground-Based Radars and Instrumented 444 m Tower; Part 2, The Structure of the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer as Revealed by Lidar and Doppler Radars; and Part 3, Doppler Lidar Observations in Thunderstorm Environments

Lower bounds for dilation, wirelength, and edge congestion of embedding graphs into hypercubes

Interconnection networks provide an effective mechanism for exchanging data between processors in a parallel computing system. One of the most efficient interconnection networks is the hypercube due to its structural regularity, potential for parallel computation of various algorithms, and the high degree of fault tolerance. Thus it becomes the first choice of topological structure of parallel processing and computing systems. In this paper, lower bounds for the dilation, wirelength, and edge congestion of an embedding of a graph into a hypercube are proved. Two of these bounds are expressed in terms of the bisection width. Applying these results, the dilation and wirelength of embedding of certain complete multipartite graphs, folded hypercubes, wheels, and specific Cartesian products are computed