Hamiltonian of galileon field theory

We give a detailed calculation for the Hamiltonian of single galileon field theory, keeping track of all the surface terms. We calculate the energy of static, spherically symmetric configuration of the single galileon field at cubic order coupled to a point-source and show that the 2-branches of the solution possess energy of equal magnitude and opposite sign, the sign of which is determined by the coefficient of the kinetic term $\alpha_2$. Moreover the energy is regularized in the short distance (ultra-violet) regime by the dominant cubic term even though the source is divergent at the origin. We argue that the origin of the negativity is due to the ghost-like modes in the corresponding branch in the presence of the point source. This seems to be a non-linear manifestation of the ghost instability.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figur

Functional Independence Score of people with Hemophilia and Factors affecting It

BACKGROUND: Haemophilia is rare genetic disorder commonly affecting males with spontaneous bleeding. Recurrent joint bleed or hemarthrosis is very common in such patient. Chronic arthropathy sets in over a period of time leading to severe restriction of joint movements. In this study we have assessed the joint status of haemophilia patients using a tool called FISH – functional independence score in haemophilia patients, which is a performance based assessment tool. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To assess the functional status of haemophilia patients using FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE SCORING IN HEMOPHILIA (FISH). 2. To assess the factors influencing functional status of haemophilia patients. METHODS: In this cross sectional study we have studied 58 subjects for 8 activities under 3 categories – self-care (eating and grooming, bathing and dressing), transfers (chair transfer and squatting) and locomotion (walking, stair climbing and running). Each activity was scored from 1 to 4 according to the level of assistance required. RESULTS: As a whole the mean age of patients were 28, mean FISH score was 26 lowest FISH score was for squatting, and stair climbing, Knee joint was the commonly involved joint. Presence of co-morbidities, ageing, low I.Q and multi joint involvement significantly lowered FISH score, whereas bleeding episodes, severity, physiotherapy and distance travelled for treatment did not affect the score. CONCLUSION: This study gave insight into joint status of haemophilic patients, and the factors influencing their functionality

Reduce Vibration Of Robot Finger Using Different Materials

A robot is a machine which can be guided by an external control device (or) the control may be embedded within. The branch of technology deals with design,construction,operation, and application of robots. As well as computer system of their control, sensor feedback, information processing, to how act of robot in as computer. Application fields of robot,welding, material handling, food industry to use in pick and place processing and domestic application etchellip In this project, the study has been made to develop of finger material change for robots in the field of food industries. Already food industries have to use in so many materials of robot fingers. In sample of silicon rubber material to reference of this project. But we change in the materials of silicon rubber alternative to Viton flouro elastomer. Both materials for soft contact and withstand high temperature. So, the change in material of silicon into Viton fluoro elastomer and then to save in time and high temperature to act a Viton rubber. The experimental study is carried out by a silicon and Viton fluoro elastomer for various parameters as following them ,nbsp Hardness test ,nbsp Bio material test ,nbsp Drop weight test , Tensile strength , Impact test ,nbsp Percentage elongation ,nbsp Fatigue test , Force gauges ,nbsp Plastic and rubber test. Compare for experimental test to silicon and Viton fluoro elastomer. The result shows that the Viton fluoro elastomer material is better than the silicon rubber for robot finger

Urtica dioica Induces Cytotoxicity in Human Prostate Carcinoma LNCaP Cells: Involvement of Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Depolarization and Apoptosis

Purpose: To evaluate the cytotoxic mechanisms of an extract from the leaves of the Urtica dioica (UD) plant in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.Methods: LNCaP cells were exposed to the UD extract for 24hrs and cell viability assessed using the MTT assay. Reactive oxygen species generation was assessed using the NBT assay and mitochondrial membrane potential using JCI-aggregation. DNA fragmentation patterns and cleavage of poly (ADPribose) polymerase were assessed using western blot and caspase activation via colorimetric assay.Results: The viability of LNCaP cells was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner following 24-h treatment with the UD extract. The reactive oxygen species levels were also significantly increased and mitochondrial depolarization was evident. DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage and an increase in the activities of caspases 3 and 9 were observed in cells treated with the UD extract and this confirmed the induction of apoptosis as the major cytotoxic modality for this extract.Conclusion: The results confirm that the cytotoxic activity of UD aqueous extract in LNCaP cells is mediated through oxidative stress and apoptosis. These findings could hold positive implications for the potential use of UD extract in prostate cancer therapy.Keywords: Urtica dioica, Cytotoxicity, DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, Caspases, Prostate cance

The health burden and economic costs averted by ambient PM 2.5 pollution reductions in Nagpur, India

National estimates of the health and economic burdens of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in India reveal substantial impacts. This information, often lacking at the local level, can justify and drive mitigation interventions. Here, we assess the health and economic gains resulting from attainment of WHO guidelines for PM2.5 concentrations – including interim target 2 (IT-2), interim target 3 (IT-3), and theWHO air quality guideline (AQG) – in Nagpur district to inform policy decision making for mitigation. We conducted a detailed assessment of concentrations of PM2.5 in 9 areas, covering urban, peri-urban and rural environments, from February 2013 to June 2014. We used a combination of hazard and survival analyses based on the life table method to calculate attributed annual number of premature deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for five health outcomes linked to PM2.5 exposure: acute lower respiratory infection for children b5 years, ischemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke and lung cancer in adults !25 years. We used GBD 2013 data on deaths and DALYs for these diseases. We calculated averted deaths, DALYs and economic loss resulting from planned reductions in average PM2.5 concentration from current level to IT-2, IT-3 and AQG by the years 2023, 2033 and 2043, respectively. The economic cost for premature mortality was estimated as the product of attributed deaths and value of statistical life for India, while morbidity was assumed to be 10% of the mortality cost. The annual average PM2.5 concentration in Nagpur district is 34± 17 μg m−3 and results in 3.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6, 4.2) thousand premature deaths and 91 (95% CI: 68, 116) thousand DALYs in 2013 with economic loss of USD 2.2 (95% CI: 1.7, 2.8) billion in that year. It is estimated that interventions that achieve IT-2, IT-3 and AQG by 2023, 2033 and 2043,would avert, respectively, 15, 30 and 36%, of the attributed health and economic loss in those years, translating into an impressively large health and economic gain. To achieve this, we recommend an exposure-integrated source reduction approach

Boundary Terms and Junction Conditions for Generalized Scalar-Tensor Theories

We compute the boundary terms and junction conditions for Horndeski's panoptic class of scalar-tensor theories, and write the bulk and boundary equations of motion in explicitly second order form. We consider a number of special subclasses, including galileon theories, and present the corresponding formulae. Our analysis opens up of the possibility of studying tunnelling between vacua in generalized scalar-tensor theories, and braneworld dynamics. The latter follows because our results are independent of spacetime dimension.Comment: 13 pages, Equation corrected. Thanks to Tsutomu Kobayashi for informing us of the typ