Ecotoxicological and health concerns of persistent coloring pollutants of textile industry wastewater and treatment approaches for environmental safety

Textile industry wastewater (TIWW) is considered as one of the worst polluters of our precious water and soil ecologies. It causes carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms. TIWW contains a variety of persistent coloring pollutants (dyes), formaldehyde, phthalates, phenols, surfactants, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), pentachlorophenol and different heavy metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) etc. TIWW is characterized by high dye content, high pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total organic carbon (TOC), chlorides and sulphates. Thus, requires adequate treatment before its final discharge into the water bodies to protect public health and environment. The treatment of TIWW is a major challenge as there is no particular economically feasible treatment method capable to adequately treat TIWW. Therefore, there is a need to develop a novel, cost-effective and eco-friendly technology for the effective treatment of TIWW. This review paper emphasizes on the different textile industry processes, wastewater generation, its nature and chemical composition, environmental impacts and health hazards and treatment approaches available for TIWW treatment. It also deals various analytical techniques used to detect and characterize TIWW pollutants and their metabolites, challenges, key issues and future prospectives

Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated sites: Eco-environmental concerns, field studies, sustainability issues and future prospects

Environmental contamination due to heavy metals (HMs) is of serious ecotoxicological concern worldwide because of their increasing use at industries. Due to non-biodegradable and persistent nature, HMs cause serious soil/water pollution and severe health hazards in living beings upon exposure. HMs can be genotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic in nature even at low concentration. They may also act as endocrine disruptors and induce developmental as well as neurological disorders and thus, their removal from our natural environment is crucial for the rehabilitation of contaminated sites. To cope with HM pollution, phytoremediation has emerged as a low-cost and eco-sustainable solution to conventional physico-chemical cleanup methods that require high capital investment and labor alter soil properties and disturb soil microflora. Phytoremediation is a green technology wherein plants and associated microbes are used to remediate HM-contaminated sites to safeguard the environment and protect public health. Hence, in view of the above, the present paper aims to examine the feasibility of phytoremediation as a sustainable remediation technology for the management of metals-contaminated sites. Therefore, this paper provides an in-depth review on both the conventional and novel phytoremediation approaches, evaluate their efficacy to remove toxic metals from our natural environment, explore current scientific progresses, field experiences and sustainability issues and revise world over trends in phytoremediation research for its wider recognition and public acceptance as a sustainable remediation technology for the management of contaminated sites in 21st century

Environment friendly degradation and detoxification of Congo red dye and textile industry wastewater by a newly isolated Bacillus cohnni (RKS9)

Textile industry wastewater (TIWW) is a major source of environmental pollution causing serious threats to all life forms and thus, it must be adequately treated before its final discharge for the safety of environment and public health. In the present study, a potential bacterial strain (RKS9) was isolated from textile (wastewater & sludge) sample for the effective treatment of TIWW resulting in a significant reduction in pollution parameters such as ADMI color (93.87%), COD (77.35%), BOD (86.02%), TDS (66.75%), TOC (67.25%), TSS (60.34%), and phenol (68.55%) within 48 h. This bacterium also decolorized 99% of Congo red dye (100 mg L−1) within 12 h and removed 59.76%, 40.51%, 52.71% and 26.51% cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, respectively from the TIWW. The activities of azoreductase, laccase, lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) was monitored and metabolites produced during the treatment of dye and TIWW were also analyzed by FT-IR and GC–MS. The phytotoxicity of the untreated and treated TIWW was assessed by seed germination and seedling growth parameters of Phaseolus mungo L. and results showed a significant reduction in the toxicity of the treated TIWW, suggesting that the isolated bacterium RKS9 has a remarkable potential to effectively decolorize/detoxify TIWW

Degradation mechanism and toxicity reduction of methyl orange dye by a newly isolated bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa MZ520730

Methyl orange (MO) dye is recalcitrant in nature, hard to degrade and if released into the soil and aquatic resources could cause serious threats on environment and human health. MO is toxic to plant growth. Bacterial treatment may be a sustainable solution for its degradation and decolourization. In this work, a bacterium (RKS6) was isolated from textile industry wastewater and sludge samples and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. RKS6 showed more than 99% decolorization of MO dye (100 mg/l) and 96% reduction of total organic carbon (TOC) within 12 h, at 30 °C, pH 7 at static conditions. RKS6 also produced MnP enzyme of molecular weight ∼53 kDa as characterized by the SDS-PAGE analysis. Further, LC-MS analysis showed that MO dye was degraded into 4-[(4-aminophenyl) diazenyl] benzene sulfonate, 4, 2-((dihydroxymethyl) hyrazono-4) 5-benzene sulfonate, 4-(triazan-2-yl) benzene sulfonic, water and carbon dioxide by RKS6. Toxicity assessment showed that the solution treated by the bacterium allowed 90% seed germination indicating that RKS6 was effective in mineralization and detoxification of MO dye and can be effectively used in industrial wastewater treatment

Isolation and characterization of lignin-degrading bacterium Bacillus aryabhattai from pulp and paper mill wastewater and evaluation of its lignin-degrading potential

This study reports the degradation and decolourization capability of a manganese peroxidase enzyme producing bacterium isolated from pulp and paper mill wastewater. The isolate was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai based on biochemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The strain was designated MG966493. This bacterium was able to reduce 67% and 54% colour and lignin, respectively from the pulp and paper mill wastewater after 144 h of treatment at 32 °C, pH 7.6 and 120 rpm. Further, FT-IR analysis showed that during the lignin degradation process a number of metabolites were produced comprising different functional groups such as carbonyl (C = C), carboxyl (-COOH), alkene (C=C), amines (-NH2), sulphonic (-SO3) and nitro (-NO2). In addition, the SEM analysis showed that the bacterial cells exposed to pulp and paper mill wastewater have rough surfaces with reduced size as compared to the unexposed cells with smooth surfaces. This study concluded that the isolated bacterium B. aryabhattai has significant potential for the bioremediation of pulp and paper mill wastewater and thus, can be applied for their treatment at an industrial scale

Phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity evaluation of organic and inorganic pollutants rich tannery wastewater from a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Unnao district, India using Vigna radiata and Allium cepa

The leather industry is a major source of environmental pollution in India. The wastewater generated by leather industries contains very high pollution parameters due to the presence of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic pollutants even after the treatment at a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and disturbs the ecological flora and fauna. The nature, characteristics and toxicity of CETP treated wastewater is yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, this study aims to characterize and evaluate the toxicity of CETP treated tannery wastewater collected from the Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh, India. In addition to measuring the physico-chemical parameters, the residual organic pollutants was identified by GC-MS analysis and phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the treated wastewater was evaluated using Vigna radiata L. and Allium cepa L. Results showed that the treated wastewater contained very high pollution parameters (TDS 3850mg/L, BOD 680mg/L, COD-1300mg/L). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various types of residual organic pollutants including benzoic acid, 3-[4,-(T-butyl) Phenyl] furan-2-5-dione, benzeneacetamide, resorcinol, dibutyl phthalate, and benzene-1,2,4-triol. Further, toxicological studies showed the phytotoxic nature of the wastewater as it inhibited seed germination in V. radiata L. and root growth of A. cepa. Genotoxicity was evidenced in the root tip cell of A. cepa where chromosomal aberrations (stickiness, chromosome loss, C-mitosis, and vagrant chromosome) and nuclear abnormalities like micronucleated and binucleated cells were observed. Thus, results suggested that it is not safe to discharge these wastewater into the environment

Decolorization and partial mineralization of a polyazo dye by Bacillus firmus immobilized within tubular polymeric gel

The degradation of C.I. Direct red 80, a polyazo dye, was investigated using Bacillus firmus immobilized by entrapment in tubular polymeric gel. This bacterial strain was able to completely decolorize 50 mg/L of C.I. Direct red 80 under anoxic conditions within 12 h and also degrade the reaction intermediates (aromatic amines) during the subsequent 12 h under aerobic conditions. The tubular gel harboring the immobilized cells consisted of anoxic and aerobic regions integrated in a single unit which was ideal for azo dye degradation studies. Results obtained show that effective dye decolorization (97.8%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction (91.7%) and total aromatic amines removal were obtained in 15 h with the immobilized bacterial cell system whereas for the free cells, a hydraulic residence time of 24 h was required for an equivalent performance in a sequential anoxic and aerobic process. Repeated-batch experiments indicate the immobilized cells could decolorize C.I. Direct red 80 and reduce medium COD in five successive batch runs with enhanced activity obtained after each consecutive run, thus suggesting its stability and potential for repeated use in wastewater treatment. UV–visible spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis were used to confirm the partial mineralization of the dye. Data from this study could be used as a reference for the development of effective industrial scale biotechnological process for the removal of dyes and their metabolites in textile wastewater

The role of riboflavin in decolourisation of Congo red and bioelectricity production using Shewanella oneidensis-MR1 under MFC and non-MFC conditions

Dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria can exchange electrons extracellularly and hold great promise for their use in simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity production. This study investigated the role of riboflavin, an electron carrier, in the decolourisation of Congo red in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a model organism. The contribution of the membrane-bound protein MtrC to the decolourisation process was also investigated. Within the range of riboflavin concentrations tested, 20 µM was found to be the best with >95% of the dye (initial concentration 200 mg/L) decolourised in MFCs within 50 h compared to 90% in the case where no riboflavin was added. The corresponding maximum power density was 45 mW/m2. There was no significant difference in the overall decolourisation efficiencies of Shewanela oneidensis MR-1 ΔMtrC mutants compared to the wild type. However, in terms of power production the mutant produced more power (Pmax 76 mW/m2) compared to the wild type (Pmax 46 mW/m2) which was attributed to higher levels of riboflavin secreted in solution. Decolourisation efficiencies in non-MFC systems (anaerobic bottles) were similar to those under MFC systems indicating that electricity generation in MFCs does not impair dye decolourisation efficiencies. The results suggest that riboflavin enhances both decolourisation of dyes and simultaneous electricity production in MFCs