Electron energy analyzer

Electrostatic deflection analyzer with three spherically concentric grids allows production of electrons within a small volume at the center of the inner sphere. By applying a retarding potential between the middle and inner spheres, the energies of the electrons can be measured

Sealed cabinetry Patent

Sealed housing for protecting electronic equipment against electromagnetic interferenc

Studies of photoabsorption by atomic hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Quantitative measurement of atomic photoionization cross sections of atomic hydrogen, oxygen, and nitroge

Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with preretarding lens

The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed

Improved photoionization mass spectrometer

Improved spectrometer for gas analysis lessens the intensity problem that occurs in obtaining dispersed ultraviolet radiation. A filter, consisting of a selectively transmitting gas cell, a thin film or mirror, or a predispersing grating, alleviates problems of interference from higher-order spectral lines and from scattered ultraviolet light

On the ionization potential of molecular oxygen

The ionization potential of O2 was measured by the technique of high resolution photoelectron spectroscopy taking into account the influence of rotational structure on the shape of the vibrational bands. A value of 12.071 + or - .001 eV (1027.1 + or - 0.1 A) was found for the ionization potential. A lowering of the ionization potential caused by a branch-head when delta N = -2 gave an appearance potential for ionization of 12.068 + or - .001 eV (1027.4 + or - 0.1 A)

Angular distribution of photoelectrons at 584A using polarized radiation

Photoelectron angular distributions for Ar, Xe, N2, O2, CO, CO2, and NH3 were obtained at 584 A by observing the photoelectrons at a fixed angle and simply rotating the plane of polarization of a highly polarized photon source. The radiation from a helium dc glow discharge source was polarized (84%) using a reflection type polarizer

Vibrational intensity distributions for continuum photoionization of oxygen

Results from measurements of vibrational intensity distributions for continuum photoionization of O2 are reported. Measurements were made using the 584 and 304 A He lines. The photoionization cross section of O2 shows a substantial dip in magnitude over a 20 A band centered about 590 A; thus the possibility exists that a 584 A photoelectron spectrum of O2 includes an autoionized contribution and the vibrational intensity distributions may not correspond to those of continuum ionization. Oxygen photoionization cross section shows no structure around 304 A and purley continuum ionization is expected

Integrated pest management of sugarcane moth borers: An Indonesian experience : S1012TU05 Integrated Pest Management

An Integrated Pest Management program is developed to combat moth borer infestation in Java, Indonesia. An extensive survey over a period of two years (2010 ? 2011) revealed the existence of five moth borer species causing damage to sugarcane crops in Java, and these were Chilo auricilius, C. sacchariphagus, Scirpophaga excerptalis, Sesamia inferens and Tetramoera schistaceana, with the three former species being the most abundant. Infestation by C. sacchariphagus and C. auricilius caused dead heart and leaf damage in young cane and bored internodes in older cane, while S. excerptalis was responsible for the majority of dead heart symptoms at all stages of plant development. Infestation by the main three borers commenced in February and escalated to a peak in about June ? July. Our results revealed very low levels of parasitism by key natural enemies, and this was attributed to inconsistent parasitoid release, lack of prior assessment of infestation levels, release of low parasitoid densities and random use of insecticides. Certain varieties demonstrated a degree of tolerance to borer infestation, however, different susceptibility levels to different borer species was evident, hence, breeding for combined resistance to all borer species is difficult. A plan is developed based on borer abundance in the field, whereby accurate densities of natural enemies are released as borer infestation commences and well before it reaches a peak. The principal components of a detailed Integrated Management Program to combat moth borer infestations in Indonesia are discussed. (Résumé d'auteur

Incidence of anthelmintic resistance in cattle farms in Northern Germany – first results

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is an increasing problem worldwide especially for small ruminants and it is also rising in cattle. To maintain the efficacy of anthelmintics is an important objective. The current project aims at the investigation of the current efficacy of macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics for strongylid nematodes in first season grazing (FSG) calves in Northern Germany. On 8 participating farms in Northern Germany faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) with ivermectin (IVM) were performed. On 3 farms the efficacy of IVM was found to be ≤90% and on only 4 farms it was > 95% at 14 days post treatment (d.p.t.). Only 2 farms showed a reduction ≥ 95% at 21 d.p.t.. This survey reveals a rising problem of AR. The problem of drug resistance places the welfare of animals at risk. In organic farming, without a preventive treatment, livestock may harbour high worm counts. Therefore it is necessary to maintain powerful anthelmintic drugs to guarantee the welfare of animals that need salvage treatment. To investigate the AR problem in cattle more surveys with different anthelmintic drug classes are urgently needed