Berbagai Teknik Pengolahan Terhadap Kualitas Ikan Tongkol (Eutynnus SP) Afkir Sebagai Pakan Ternak

Rejected little tuna (Eutynnus sp) is alternative feed ingredient which same quality to commercial fish meal and the price is relatively cheaper. The aim of this research were to study the interaction between the salt level with time of steaming on the nutritional content (dry matter, crude protein, extract ether, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus) of rejected little tuna meal. The experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD) 3 x 3 factorial pattern with 3 replications. The first factor was level of salting (A) (A1 = 2.5 %, A2 = 5.0%, A3 = 7.5%) the second factor was times of steaming (B) (B1 = 15 min, B2 = 30 min, B3 = 45 minutes). The results showed that the interaction between the level of salt to the time of steaming can maintain quality of rejected little tuna fish processed, it was seen with increasing of nutrient content of crude protein of rejected little tuna (50.16-64.42%), and the processing of rejected little tuna by salting and steaming highly significant effect (P <0.01) and there is a higly significant interaction (P <0.01) through the on dry matter and extract ether rejected little tuna processed. In conclusion, the processing of rejected little tuna by salting and steaming can maintain quality of rejected little tuna, it was seen with increasing of nutrient especially on crude protein (50.16-64.42), so that it can be used as animal feed

Restricted Size Ramsey Number for Path of Order Three Versus Graph of Order Five

Let $G$ and $H$ be simple graphs. The Ramsey number for a pair of graph $G$ and $H$ is the smallest number $r$ such that any red-blue coloring of edges of $K_r$ contains a red subgraph $G$ or a blue subgraph $H$. The size Ramsey number for a pair of graph $G$ and $H$ is the smallest number $\hat{r}$ such that there exists a graph $F$ with size $\hat{r}$ satisfying the property that any red-blue coloring of edges of $F$ contains a red subgraph $G$ or a blue subgraph $H$. Additionally, if the order of $F$ in the size Ramsey number is $r(G,H)$, then it is called the restricted size Ramsey number. In 1983, Harary and Miller started to find the (restricted) size Ramsey number for any pair of small graphs with order at most four. Faudree and Sheehan (1983) continued Harary and Miller\u27s works and summarized the complete results on the (restricted) size Ramsey number for any pair of small graphs with order at most four. In 1998, Lortz and Mengenser gave both the size Ramsey number and the restricted size Ramsey number for any pair of small forests with order at most five. To continue their works, we investigate the restricted size Ramsey number for a path of order three versus connected graph of order five

Pengaruh Waktu Fertilisasi dan Sistem Inkubasi yang Berbeda terhadap Tingkat Fertilisasi Sapi Lokal Secara In Vitro

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fertilization time and different incubation systems on fertilization level by in-vitro. The mature of ovaries from indigenous cow and fresh cement from Holstein Frisian cows (FH), 0.9 % NaCl physiological PBS, Nissui Japan, l,TCM-199, HEPES 30 μM, 20 mL Heparin, 10% goat serum, 250 g/ml FSH BO medium, mediumgentamisain 50 mB-O, mineral oil, alcohol, aquabidest, and 1% aceto orcein were materials and reagents. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in factorial pattern was used. Results shown no significant effect on the percentage of fertilized oocytes and level of development of pronuclei (2PN and> 2PN) by different timing of fertilization and incubation system. The development of pronucleus (1PN) showed significant (P <0.05) on 12 hours (37.60 %), but no significant effect on different incubation system. It concluded, the system of incubation and time of fertilization has no effect on oocyte fertilization rate. Oocytes fertilization time can be performed at 6 hours, 12 hours, and 18 hours, while the extension of the period of fertilization until 18 hours did not increase the level of fertilization

The Manipulation effectivity of cell co-cultures in 5% CO2 incubation system to increase in vitro cattle embryo production

The purpose of this research is to determine the effectivity of various cell co-cultures of cattle embryo production by in vitro CO2 5% incubation system and get the best cell co-culture. Cell co-culture which are used in the synthesis is the oviduct cells, isthmus cells, ampulla cells, follicle cells and without cells. Data were analyzed based on completely randomized desiggn. The average growth rate/ cleavage in various cell culture was: the oviduct cell 59.24%, ampulla cell  58.69%, isthmus cell 58.25%, follicle cell 52.24% and without cells 47.76%. The average  growth of 8-16 cells embryos to various cell co-culture was: the oviduct cell 46.02%, ampulla cell 45.45%, isthmus cell 45.15%, follicle cell 43.07%, and without cell 38.50%. The mean percentage of morula in various cell co-culture treatment was: the oviduct cell 20.59%, ampulla cell 20.48%, isthmus cell 20.30%, follicle cell 16.96% and without cell 12.58%. The average percentage of embryonic growth (cleavage, 8-16 cells and morula) was not significantly different (P 0.05).  The treatment of a variety of cell co-culture increased significantly (P0.05), blastocysts production, namely: the oviduct cell 3.28%, ampulla cell 3.22%, isthmus cell 3.08%, follicle cell 2.45% and without cell 1.97%.  In conclusion, the treatment of various cell co-culture in 5%CO2   incubation system can increace the growth of cattle embryos in vitro.   Key words: Cell Co-Culture, In Vitro Embryo, 5%CO2 Incubation System, Cattl

Lifetime Measurements in 120Xe

Lifetimes for the lowest three transitions in the nucleus $^{120}$Xe have been measured using the Recoil Distance Technique. Our data indicate that the lifetime for the $2_{1}^{+} \to 0_{1}^{+}$ transition is more than a factor of two lower than the previously adopted value and is in keeping with more recent measurements performed on this nucleus. The theoretical implications of this discrepancy and the possible reason for the erroneous earlier results are discussed. All measured lifetimes in $^{120}$Xe, as well as the systematics of the lifetimes of the 2$_{1}^{+}$ states in Xe isotopes, are compared with predictions of various models. The available data are best described by the Fermion Dynamic Symmetry Model (FDSM).Comment: 9 pages, RevTeX, 3 figures with Postscript file available on request at [email protected], [email protected]. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Fibrates downregulate apolipoprotein C-III expression independent of induction of peroxisomal acyl coenzyme A oxidase. A potential mechanism for the hypolipidemic action of fibrates.

Epidemiological and transgenic animal studies have implicated apo C-III as a major determinant of plasma triglyceride metabolism. Since fibrates are very efficient in lowering triglycerides, it was investigated whether fibrates regulate apo C-III gene expression. Different fibrates lowered rat liver apo C-III mRNA levels up to 90% in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas intestinal apo C-III mRNA remained constant. This decrease in liver apo C-III mRNA was rapid (1 d) and reversible, since it was restored to control levels within 1 wk after cessation of treatment. In addition, fenofibrate treatment abolished the developmental rise of hepatic apo C-III mRNA observed during the suckling-weaning period. Administration of fibrates to rats induced liver and intestinal expression of the acyl CoA oxidase gene, the rate-limiting enzyme for peroxisomal beta-oxidation of fatty acids. In primary cultures of rat and human hepatocytes, fenofibric acid lowered apo C-III mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This reduction in apo C-III mRNA levels was accompanied by a decreased secretion of apo C-III in the culture medium of human hepatocytes. In rat hepatocytes fenofibric acid induced acyl CoA oxidase gene expression, whereas acyl CoA oxidase mRNA remained unchanged in human hepatocytes. Nuclear run-on and transient transfection experiments of a reporter construct driven by the human apo C-III gene promoter indicated that fibrates downregulate apo C-III gene expression at the transcriptional level. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that fibrates decrease rat and human liver apo C-III gene expression. In humans the mechanisms appears to be independent of the induction of peroxisomal enzymes. This downregulation of liver apo C-III gene expression by fibrates may contribute to the hypotriglyceridemic action of these drugs

Measurement of Conversion Coefficients in Normal and Triaxial Strongly Deformed Bands in \u3csup\u3e167\u3c/sup\u3eLu

Internal conversion coefficients have been measured for transitions in both normal deformed and triaxial strongly deformed bands in 167Lu using the Gammasphere and ICE Ball spectrometers. The results for all in-band transitions are consistent with E2 multipolarity. Upper limits are determined for the internal conversion coefficients for linking transitions between TSD Band 2 and TSD Band 1, the nw = 1 and nw = 0 wobbling bands, respectively

Restructuring Reward Mechanisms in Nicotine Addiction: A Pilot fMRI Study of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement for Cigarette Smokers

The primary goal of this pilot feasibility study was to examine the effects of Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE), a behavioral treatment grounded in dual-process models derived from cognitive science, on frontostriatal reward processes among cigarette smokers. Healthy adult (N=13; mean (SD) age 49 ± 12.2) smokers provided informed consent to participate in a 10-week study testing MORE versus a comparison group (CG). All participants underwent two fMRI scans: pre-tx and after 8-weeks of MORE. Emotion regulation (ER), smoking cue reactivity (CR), and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) were assessed at each fMRI visit; smoking and mood were assessed throughout. As compared to the CG, MORE significantly reduced smoking (d=2.06) and increased positive affect (d=2.02). MORE participants evidenced decreased CR-BOLD response in ventral striatum (VS; d=1.57) and ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC; d=1.7) and increased positive ER-BOLD in VS (dVS=2.13) and vPFC (dvmPFC=2.66). Importantly, ER was correlated with smoking reduction (r’s = .68 to .91) and increased positive affect (r’s = .52 to .61). These findings provide preliminary evidence that MORE may facilitate the restructuring of reward processes and play a role in treating the pathophysiology of nicotine addiction

Antagonistic interactions between filamentous heterotrophs and the cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum

Background: Little is known about interactions between filamentous heterotrophs and filamentous cyanobacteria. Here, interactions between the filamentous heterotrophic bacteria Fibrella aestuarina (strain BUZ 2) and Fibrisoma limi (BUZ 3) with an axenic strain of the autotrophic filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum (SAG 25.82) were studied in mixed cultures under nutrient rich (carbon source present in medium) and poor (carbon source absent in medium) conditions. Findings: F. aestuarina BUZ 2 significantly reduced the cyanobacterial population whereas F. limi BUZ 3 did not. Physical contact between heterotrophs and autotroph was observed and the cyanobacterial cells showed some level of damage and lysis. Therefore, either contact lysis or entrapment with production of extracellular compounds in close vicinity of host cells could be considered as potential modes of action. The supernatants from pure heterotrophic cultures did not have an effect on Nostoc cultures. However, supernatant from mixed cultures of BUZ 2 and Nostoc had a negative effect on cyanobacterial growth, indicating that the lytic compounds were only produced in the presence of Nostoc. The growth and survival of tested heterotrophs was enhanced by the presence of Nostoc or its metabolites, suggesting that the heterotrophs could utilize the autotrophs and its products as a nutrient source. However, the autotroph could withstand and out-compete the heterotrophs under nutrient poor conditions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the nutrients in cultivation media, which boost or reduce the number of heterotrophs, were the important factor influencing the outcome of the interplay between filamentous heterotrophs and autotrophs. For better understanding of these interactions, additional research is needed. In particular, it is necessary to elucidate the mode of action for lysis by heterotrophs, and the possible defense mechanisms of the autotrophs