Spatial Analyses of the Flow of Slaughter Livestock in 1955 and 1960

In this study attention is focused on the spatial aspects of slaughter livestock movements from production to slaughtering. Given the regional levels of production, slaughtering and the costs of moving one unit of various types of slaughter livestock from any one region to another region, this study is concerned with ascertaining the regional price differentials, and the volume and direction of regional imports and exports that are consistent with minimizing the total cost of moving the livestock from production to slaughter. In addition, questions about the consequences of changes in the existing structure of the livestock economy may be evaluated with regard to their impact on regional prices and slaughter livestock flows

Joint Spatial Analysis of Regional Slaughter and the Flows and Pricing of Livestock and Meat

The purpose of this study is to (1) develop a model to handle the simultaneous solution for the processing and flow problem, (2) develop estimates of slaughtering capacity for cattle and hogs in each region, and (3) apply the model using estimates of regional levels of production, regional levels of consumption, regional slaughtering capacities, and transportation costs of live slaughter animals and meats. Attention is focused at determining what regional levels of slaughter and directions and levels of interregional livestock and meat flows satisfy the regional production consumption, and capacity constraints and make the total cost of transportation of live slaughter animals and meat a minimum. The analysis is broadened to also obtain the impacts of alternative regional slaughter capacity restrictions and .regional differences in the labor cost of slaughtering livestock

Spatial Analyses of the Meat Marketing Sector in 1955 and 1960

The livestock products sector is a complex composed of the activities of production, farm marketing, slaughtering, distribution and consumption. The level of each of these activities varies spatially and thus regional imbalances are generated which make necessary product flows between the geographical areas. Within this setting this study is concerned with an interregional analysis of the livestock meat sector of the U. S. economy. Thus, spatial slaughter-consumption relations will be basic observations for this analysis. In this study regional demands are reflected by price dependent demand relations or specific estimates of consumption. Regional supplies are dressed carcass weights of livestock slaughter within the regions. In particular for the beef, pork, veal, and lamb and mutton sectors for the years 1955 and 1960 answers will be sought to the following questions: 1. What are the levels of regional demand for each of these meat products? 2. What are the levels of regional supply for each of these products? 3. What is the aggregate interregional trade for each meat product for each year? 4. For each commodity and for each year, what regions import, export or do neither? 5. What are the levels of regional exports and imports for each region, commodity and year? 6. What is the optimum volume and direction of trade between all possible pairs of regions for each commodity and each year? 7. What are the optimum price differentials between regions for each commodity and year? 8. What is the total transport cost for the aggregate trade of each commodity and year? 9. What is the impact of alternative ways of estimating regional meat consumption on the interregional flows and price differentials? In the following pages the results that are generated by these questions will be given and the implications and uses of the results will be discussed

The future for beef

Beef is a fast-growing, multi -billion dollar industry today in the United States. And the outlook for tomorrow is most favorable. Beef consumption has increased by 26 pounds per capita during the past 15 years, hitting an all-time high of 90 pounds per capita in 1962. During the same period quality has improved, and now. beef commands even wider consumer acceptance than in the mid-1940\u27s. New technology has lowered production and marketing costs. But even a strong, healthy industry must be sensitive to change--and take advantage of new opportunities for growth and improvement. The beef industry is no exception.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/card_reports/1016/thumbnail.jp

Energy Density, Portion Size, and Eating Occasions: Contributions to Increased Energy Intake in the United States, 1977–2006

Using data from three surveys, Kiyah Duffey and Barry Popkin found that changes in eating/drinking occasions and portion size consistently account for most of the change in daily total energy intake over a 30-year period

Cellular therapies for treating pain associated with spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury leads to immense disability and loss of quality of life in human with no satisfactory clinical cure. Cell-based or cell-related therapies have emerged as promising therapeutic potentials both in regeneration of spinal cord and mitigation of neuropathic pain due to spinal cord injury. This article reviews the various options and their latest developments with an update on their therapeutic potentials and clinical trialing

Structural and functional insights into asymmetric enzymatic dehydration of alkenols

The asymmetric dehydration of alcohols is an important process for the direct synthesis of alkenes. We report the structure and substrate specificity of the bifunctional linalool dehydratase isomerase (LinD) from the bacterium Castellaniella defragrans that catalyzes in nature the hydration of β-myrcene to linalool and the subsequent isomerization to geraniol. Enzymatic kinetic resolutions of truncated and elongated aromatic and aliphatic tertiary alcohols (C5-C15) that contain a specific signature motif demonstrate the broad substrate specificity of LinD. The three-dimensional structure of LinD from Castellaniella defragrans revealed a pentamer with active sites at the protomer interfaces. Furthermore, the structure of LinD in complex with the product geraniol provides initial mechanistic insights into this bifunctional enzyme. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed active site amino acid residues essential for its dehydration and isomerization activity. These structural and mechanistic insights facilitate the development of hydrating catalysts, enriching the toolbox for novel bond-forming biocatalysis