Screening, Assessment and Identification Tools for Dyslexia

The special education process relies heavily on assessment to ascertain a student’s disability. In order to target the areas of need that call for differentiated or specialized education, teachers can target students’ strengths through an ongoing process of data collection and analysis. In order to properly diagnose Specific Learning Disability (SLD) or Dyslexia, the student’s planning and placement team (PPT), consisting of the parents of the child and trained professionals, must conduct a thorough evaluation process. People who have dyslexia are frequently misdiagnosed or completely overlooked. The assessment of dyslexia presents with difficulties, such as the use of a variety of terms, the inadequacy of current assessment models, and the dependence on phonological awareness as the only linguistic risk factor. This chapter’s goal is to address the difficulties associated with diagnosing and screening for dyslexia in children, including the use of a variety of terms, the use of phonological awareness as the single linguistic risk factor for dyslexia. In an effort to give parents, educators, and researchers a consolidated and comprehensive source of information, the chapter examines the accessibility and usefulness of screening and assessment instruments for the diagnosis and identification of dyslexia in children of various age groups

Breastfeeding Practices and Infant Development Outcomes

The biochemistry of human milk contains a vast amount of knowledge and information that was previously un-recognised and unknown. The neonate and infant receive both nutritive and non-nutritive signals from milk, according to evidence. There is strong evidence that early, continuous breast feeding for 23 months significantly lowers neonatal and child mortality on a global scale. Breast feeding is the gold standard for an infant’s survival, health, and development, according to scientific research. Due to its nutritional, immunological, and psychological advantages, it is thought to be the best start for infant life. To achieve the best possible growth, development, and health, the World Health Organisation advises mothers to exclusively breastfeed their infants for the first six months of their lives, then continue to do so while supplementing with the right foods until they are two years old or older. Infant developmental milestones and outcomes like cognitive development, socio- emotional development, psychomotor development, and language development have been linked to both the components of breast milk and the act of breast feeding

Antibiotic Resistance of Clinical Klebsiella Isolates from Tertiary Care Hospital

Klebsiella is a pathogen that causes a significantly high number of community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections, with infections being one of the leading causes of death in ICU patients worldwide due to increasing antibiotic-resistance and a lack of therapeutic options. A total of 230 Klebsiella spp. were collected from various clinical samples. After initial identification, the drug-resistant strain was subjected to standard Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute methods such as Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion. All isolates were screened and confirmed for ESBL/AmpC β-lactamase/carbapenemase production. The isolated Klebsiella spp. were found to be K. pneumonia (89%), K. oxytoca (6.5%), and K. aerogenes (4.5%). Among the 230 isolates, 80 (34.7%) isolates were found to be ESBL producers via screening; of these, 53 (23.5%) were verified by a confirmatory test. Moreover, 115 isolates (50%) were screened as AmpC producers; of these, 23 isolates (10%) were verified by a confirmatory test. Carbapenemase producers accounted for 69 (30%) isolates, identified by screening; 25 (10.86%) were verified by a confirmatory test. ESBL producers accounted for the majority of Klebsiella spp. isolates, followed by carbapenem and AmpC producing strains

Preliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography profiling, and in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity of the leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.

Urolithiasis, the third most common disorder of the urinary tract is bundled with highly complex and unpredictably varied etiological factors. The undesirable adverse effects with current medications and the recurrence rate pose a major challenge in combating the disorder. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. has been used traditionally in treating kidney stone problems. The present study was aimed at investigating the antiurolithiatic activity of different extracts of the leaves of R. madagascariensis. Phytochemical screening carried out on the methanolic, hydromethanolic, and decoction extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, proteins, flavonoids, and quinones. Thin layer chromatography profiling of all three extracts was established. The turbidity method was carried out to evaluate in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity and the herbal formulation cystone was used as the standard drug. The results of the study showed that the decoction of R. madagascariensis exhibited excellent antiurolithiatic potential with an IC50 value of 188.65 µg/mL in comparison with the methanolic (305.93 µg/mL) and hydromethanolic (306.83 µg/mL) extracts. Thus the findings of the study validate the claims of antiurolithiatic activity of R. madagascariensis that could be attributed to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Further studies are aimed at its formulation and development

Preliminary phytochemical screening, thin layer chromatography profiling, and in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity of the leaves of Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.

425-430Urolithiasis, the third most common disorder of the urinary tract is bundled with highly complex and unpredictably varied etiological factors. The undesirable adverse effects with current medications and the recurrence rate pose a major challenge in combating the disorder. Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn. has been used traditionally in treating kidney stone problems. The present study was aimed at investigating the antiurolithiatic activity of different extracts of the leaves of R.madagascariensis. Phytochemical screening carried out on the methanolic, hydromethanolic, and decoction extractsrevealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, proteins, flavonoids, andquinones. Thin layer chromatography profiling of all three extracts was established. The turbidity method was carried out toevaluate in-vitro antiurolithiatic activity and the herbal formulation cystone was used as the standard drug. The results of thestudy showed that the decoction of R. madagascariensis exhibited excellent antiurolithiatic potential with an IC50 value of 188.65 μg/mL in comparison with the methanolic (305.93 μg/mL) and hydromethanolic (306.83 μg/mL) extracts. Thus the findings of the study validate the claims of antiurolithiatic activity of R. madagascariensis that could be attributed to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Further studies are aimed at its formulation and development

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): Approach to traditional systems, natural and bio-chemical compounds for its management

521-527Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder which is characterized by chronic anovulation. Irregular periods, hirsutism, weight gain are the other signs of PCOS. The prevalence of PCOS worldwide is between 6% and 26% while in India it was 3.7% to 22.5%. PCOS is the most prevailing female endocrine disorder and the preeminent cause of infertility. Risk factors that contribute to the development of PCOS include genetics, neuroendocrine system, sedentary lifestyle, diet, and obesity. Modern medicine has found many ways to heal. Synthetic drugs such as metformin and oral contraceptive pills were available in the market, but because of their side effects, people depend on traditional and herbal medicines. This review provides a detailed approach to different types of traditional and natural systems for the treatment and management of PCOS. Different approaches to managing PCOS include the traditional system of drugs, herbal remedies, herbs, and Phyto-ingredients that have proven their potential in treating PCOS. Traditional medicine includes Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha, naturopathy, yoga, and homeopathy. In addition to treatment, yoga also has potential in treating PCOS

Diagnostic criteria for oncocytic renal neoplasms:a survey of urologic pathologists

Renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have been long recognized as distinct tumors; however, it remains unknown if uniform diagnostic criteria are used to distinguish these tumor types in practice. A survey was distributed to urologic pathologists regarding oncocytic tumors. Responses were received from 17/26 invitees. Histologically, >1 mitotic figure was regarded as most worrisome (n=10) or incompatible (n=6) with oncocytoma diagnosis. Interpretation of focal nuclear wrinkling, focal perinuclear clearing, and multinucleation depended on extent and did not necessarily exclude oncocytoma if minor. Staining techniques most commonly used included: CK7 (94%), KIT (71%), vimentin (65%), colloidal iron (59%), CD10 (53%), and AMACR (41%). Rare CK7-positive cells (≤5%) was regarded as most supportive of oncocytoma, although an extent excluding oncocytoma was not universal. Multiple chromosomal losses were most strongly supportive for chromophobe RCC diagnosis (65%). Less certainty was reported for chromosomal gain or a single loss. For tumors with mixed or inconclusive features, many participants use an intermediate diagnostic category (82%) that does not label the tumor as unequivocally benign or malignant, typically "oncocytic neoplasm" or "tumor" with comment. The term "hybrid tumor" was used variably in several scenarios. A slight majority (65%) report outright diagnosis of oncocytoma in needle biopsies. The morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic characteristics that define oncocytic renal tumors remain incompletely understood. Further studies correlating genetics, behavior, and histology are needed to define which tumors truly warrant classification as carcinomas for patient counseling and follow-up strategies

Approaches in biotechnological applications of natural polymers

Natural polymers, such as gums and mucilage, are biocompatible, cheap, easily available and non-toxic materials of native origin. These polymers are increasingly preferred over synthetic materials for industrial applications due to their intrinsic properties, as well as they are considered alternative sources of raw materials since they present characteristics of sustainability, biodegradability and biosafety. As definition, gums and mucilages are polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates consisting of one or more monosaccharides or their derivatives linked in bewildering variety of linkages and structures. Natural gums are considered polysaccharides naturally occurring in varieties of plant seeds and exudates, tree or shrub exudates, seaweed extracts, fungi, bacteria, and animal sources. Water-soluble gums, also known as hydrocolloids, are considered exudates and are pathological products; therefore, they do not form a part of cell wall. On the other hand, mucilages are part of cell and physiological products. It is important to highlight that gums represent the largest amounts of polymer materials derived from plants. Gums have enormously large and broad applications in both food and non-food industries, being commonly used as thickening, binding, emulsifying, suspending, stabilizing agents and matrices for drug release in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the food industry, their gelling properties and the ability to mold edible films and coatings are extensively studied. The use of gums depends on the intrinsic properties that they provide, often at costs below those of synthetic polymers. For upgrading the value of gums, they are being processed into various forms, including the most recent nanomaterials, for various biotechnological applications. Thus, the main natural polymers including galactomannans, cellulose, chitin, agar, carrageenan, alginate, cashew gum, pectin and starch, in addition to the current researches about them are reviewed in this article.. }To the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfíico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for fellowships (LCBBC and MGCC) and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nvíel Superior (CAPES) (PBSA). This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, the Project RECI/BBB-EBI/0179/2012 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027462) and COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006684) (JAT)

CYTOTOXICITY OF STRAWBERRY EXTRACT ON ORAL CANCER CELL LINE

Objective: Berries including strawberry may have beneficial effects against oxidative stress-mediated diseases such as cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of strawberry extract on oral cancer cell line.Methods: Strawberry methanolic extract (SBE) was prepared, and cytotoxic activity of different concentration of SBE on KB cell lines was determined by (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and neutral red dye incorporation test.Results: Strawberry extract exhibits cytotoxic activity over the oral cancer cell lines. On administration of about 100 μg/ml of strawberry extract, about 50% of cell viability could be observed and assessed from the cell lines.Conclusion: Strawberries have a cytotoxic effect on oral cancer cell line due to the presence of anticancer constituents in the berries. These berries can be used as a natural medicine for cancer sufferers