Estimates of Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of Growth Traits in Bali Cattle

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic trends for growth traits including birth (BW), weaning (WW) and yearling weight (YW) in Bali cattle. The number of cattle used to determine growth traits of BW, WW, and YW were 235, 215, and 178 heads, respectively. Estimation of breeding value, phenotypic and genetic correlation were calculated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood and General Linier Model (GLM) procedures, respectively. Genetic trends analysis was performed using the regression mean breeding values on birth year. Phenotypic and genetic correlation among BW and WW were 0.10 and 0.08 respectively and 0.90 and 0.70 for WW and YW respectively. The phenotypic trends for traits of birth and weaning weight were constant, whereas yearling weight was fluctuating from 2000 to 2008. Likewise, in the case of genetic trends, the birth and weaning weight were constant from 2000 to 2008 except for WW in 2005, whereas the genetic trends for yearling weight showed a fluctuation of wide range. According to the breeding value estimated for all traits, the best was the sire No. 0565, whose breeding value for BW, WW and YW were +0.07, +2.79, and +10.25 kg, respectively higher than the mean value of the population. The genetic trends showed that there have been a significant and positive genetic improvement in all growth traits and indicate that selection would be effective. Genetic correlation between WW and YW was high (0.70) which indicates that the selection on weaning weight might also increase yearling weight in Bali cattle

High Energy Emission from the Prompt Gamma-Ray Burst

We study the synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) emission from internal shocks that are responsible for the prompt gamma-ray emission in GRBs, and consider the relation between these two components, taking into account the high energy (HE) cutoff due to pair production and Thomson scattering. We find that in order for the peak energy of the synchrotron to be E_p\sim 300 keV with a variability time t_v>1 ms, a Lorentz factor \Gamma<350 is needed, implying no HE emission above \sim 30 MeV and the synchrotron component would dominate at all energies. If we want both E_p\sim 300 keV and prompt HE emission up to 2 GeV, as detected by EGRET for GRB 940217, we need \Gamma\sim 600 and t_v\sim 0.1 ms, which might be resolved by super AGILE. If such prompt HE emission is common in GRBs, as may be tested by GLAST, then for t_v\gtrsim 1 ms we need \Gamma\gtrsim 350, which implies E_p\lesssim 100 keV. Therefore if X-ray flashes are GRBs with high values of t_v and \Gamma, they should produce \gtrsim 1 GeV emission. For an electron power law index p>2, the SSC component dominates the emission above 100 MeV. Future observations by GLAST may help determine the value of p and whether the HE emission is consistent with a single power law (one component--the synchrotron, dominates) or has a break where the \nuF_\nu slope turns from negative to positive, implying that the SSC component becomes dominant above \sim 100 MeV. The HE emission is expected to show similar variability and time structure to that of the soft gamma-ray emission. Finally, we find that in order to see delayed HE emission from the prompt GRB due to pair production with the cosmic IR background, extremely small intergalactic magnetic fields (\lessim 10^{-22} G) are required.Comment: 11 pages, 1 figur

Broad-band Modeling of GRB Afterglows

Observations of GRB afterglows ranging from radio to X-ray frequencies generate large data sets. Careful analysis of these broad-band data can give us insight into the nature of the GRB progenitor population by yielding such information like the total energy of the burst, the geometry of the fireball and the type of environment into which the GRB explodes. We illustrate, by example, how global, self-consistent fits are a robust approach for characterizing the afterglow emission. This approach allows a relatively simple comparison of different models and a way to determine the strengths and weaknesses of these models, since all are treated self-consistently. Here we quantify the main differences between the broad-band, self-consistent approach and the traditional approach, using GRB000301C and GRB970508 as test cases.Comment: Appears in "Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Afterglow Era" proceedings of the Roma 2000 GRB Workshop; 3 pages; 2 figure

A Compact Fireball Model of Gamma Ray Bursts

It is proposed that the gamma ray burst photons near the peak of the spectrum at several hundred KeV are produced on very compact scales, where photon production is limited by blackbody effects and/or the requirement of energetic quanta ($E>2m_e c^2$) for efficient further production. The fast variation of order milliseconds in the time profile is then a natural expectation, given the other observed GRB parameters. Analytic calculations are presented to show that the escape of non-thermal, energetic gamma rays can emerge within a second of the thermal photons from a gammasphere of below $10^{12}$ cm. The minimum asymptotic bulk Lorentz factor in this model is found to be of order several hundred if the photosphere is of order $3 \times 10^{11}$ cm and greater for larger or smaller photospheric radii. It is suggested that prompt UHE gamma rays might provide a new constraint on the asymptotic Lorentz factor of the outflow.Comment: To appear in ApJ, revisions requested by the refere

Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Dan Komitmen Organisasional Terhadap Intention to Leave Pada Karyawan Produksi Mitra Produksi Sigaret (Mps) Ngoro-jombang

The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze the effect of job satisfaction on organizational commitment, (2) analyze the effect of job satisfaction on intention to leave, (3) analyze the effect of organizational commitment on intention to leave, (4) analyze the effect of job satisfaction on intention to leave through organizational commitment. This research was conducted by using path analysis (Path analys). Data on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intention to leave was obtained through interviews and using a questionnaire distributed to 90 respondents MPS Ngoro JOMBANG employee who is a partner of PT.Hm. Sampoerna Tbk. From the research variables that affect the intention to leave, namely job satisfaction variables significantly positive effect on organizational commitment, job satisfaction variables were not significant negative effect on intention to leave, organizational commitment variables significantly influence the intention to leave, and organizational commitment variables moderating the effect of job satisfaction on intention to leave

Android Educational Game: Introduction to Basic Logic for Children

Introduction to Basic Logic aims to develop children\u27s thinking abilities about numbers and quantities to teach activities that are in accordance with the development of their thinking power. Learning in children requires an educational media game facility, one of which is the Educational Game. This educational type game aims to provoke children\u27s interest in learning the subject matter while playing the game. Mobile games can be an alternative in children\u27s learning. Basically children prefer to play rather than learn. This is natural, because child psychology is playing. Based on these problems an educational game application is made for the introduction of basic logic in Android-based children, so that it can produce alternative learning for children. This educational game is intended for children aged 6-7 years because children aged 6-7 years have begun to understand the concept of numbers and develop sensitivity in solving a problem. And trials are carried out using a questionnair

Power Density Spectra of Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Internal Shock Model

We simulate Gamma-Ray Bursts arising from internal shocks in relativistic winds, calculate their power density spectrum (PDS), and identify the factors to which the PDS is most sensitive: the wind ejection features, which determine the wind dynamics and its optical thickness, and the energy release parameters, which give the pulse 50-300 keV radiative efficiency. For certain combinations of ejection features and wind parameters the resulting PDS exhibits the features observed in real bursts. We found that the upper limit on the efficiency of conversion of wind kinetic energy into 50-300 keV photons is $\sim$ 1%. Winds with a modulated Lorentz factor distribution of the ejecta yield PDSs in accord with current observations and have efficiencies closer to $10^{-3}$, while winds with a random, uniform Lorentz factor ejection must be optically thick to the short duration pulses to produce correct PDSs, and have an overall efficiency around $10^{-4}$.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, Latex, submitted to The Astrophysical Journal (05/04/99

On The Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission from Relativistic Shocks and Its Implications for Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

We consider the effects of inverse Compton scattering of synchrotron photons from relativistic electrons in GRB afterglows. We compute the spectrum of the inverse Compton emission and find that it can dominate the total cooling rate of the afterglow for several months or even years after the initial explosion. We demonstrate that the presence of strong inverse Compton cooling can be deduced from the effect it has on the time-evolution of the cooling break in the synchrotron spectral component, and therefore on the optical and X-ray afterglow lightcurves. We then show how the physical interpretation of the observed characteristics of the synchrotron spectrum must be modified to take into consideration this extra source of cooling, and give a revised prescription for computing physical parameters characterizing the expanding shock wave from the observed quantities. We find that for a given set of observables (synchrotron break frequencies and fluxes) there is either no consistent physical interpretation or two of them. Finally we discuss the prospects of directly detecting the inverse Compton emission with Chandra. We argue that such a detection is possible for GRBs exploding in a reasonably dense (n>1 cm^-3) medium.Comment: 21 pages, ApJ submitte