77 research outputs found

    Characterization of S3Pvac Anti-Cysticercosis Vaccine Components: Implications for the Development of an Anti-Cestodiasis Vaccine

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    Background: Cysticercosis and hydatidosis seriously affect human health and are responsible for considerable economic loss in animal husbandry in non-developed and developed countries. S3Pvac and EG95 are the only field trial-tested vaccine candidates against cysticercosis and hydatidosis, respectively. S3Pvac is composed of three peptides (KETc1, GK1 and KETc12), originally identified in a Taenia crassiceps cDNA library. S3Pvac synthetically and recombinantly expressed is effective against experimentally and naturally acquired cysticercosis.Methodology/ Principal Findings: In this study, the homologous sequences of two of the S3Pvac peptides, GK1 and KETc1, were identified and further characterized in Taenia crassiceps WFU, Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis. Comparisons of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences coding for KETc1 and GK1 revealed significant homologies in these species. The predicted secondary structure of GK1 is almost identical between the species, while some differences were observed in the C terminal region of KETc1 according to 3D modeling. A KETc1 variant with a deletion of three C-terminal amino acids protected to the same extent against experimental murine cysticercosis as the entire peptide. on the contrary, immunization with the truncated GK1 failed to induce protection. Immunolocalization studies revealed the non stage-specificity of the two S3Pvac epitopes and their persistence in the larval tegument of all species and in Taenia adult tapeworms.Conclusions/ Significance: These results indicate that GK1 and KETc1 may be considered candidates to be included in the formulation of a multivalent and multistage vaccine against these cestodiases because of their enhancing effects on other available vaccine candidates

    Ascitis en los pacientes oncológicos: Fisiopatogenia y opciones de tratamiento

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    Ascites, defined as the presence of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, is a finding associated to several pathologies, mainly hepatic and cancer diseases. Between 15 and 50 per cent of patients with cancer develop ascites. Its incidence is high in ovary, breast, endometrium, colon, stomach, pancreas and bronchus cancer. Several factors are involved in its pathogenesis, included high hydrostatic pressure, low colloid-osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability and fluid leakage to the peritoneal cavity. The ascitic fluid is analyzed for diagnostic (serum-ascitic albumin gradient, amylase and triglyceride levels; cell count, culture and Gram staining; pH, cytology, glucose and fibronectine determination) and therapeutic purposes. A physical examination is essential for the diagnosis, with particular attention to classical signs such as convex flanks, wave sign, pleural effusion sign, limb, pelvic and genital edema, etc. Other specific studies are sometimes required in order to verify the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Its treatment will depend on the etiology. In non-cancer patients, diet salt restriction and diuretics regimes obtain satisfactory results. In cancer patients, intra-peritoneal chemotherapy may be required. Patients with poor or null response are candidates for drainage of the ascitic fluid. This can be done using several techniques such as classical paracentesis, total paracentesis, placement of a semi-permanent or permanent drainage with or without image help, shunts, etc. In order to obtain the maximum benefit with the minimum risk, patient global status must be assessed prior to the procedure. It is concluded that ascites of any etiology encompass diverse physiopathological disorders that require both pharmacological and invasive therapies for their effective management.La ascitis definida como la presencia de fluido en la cavidad peritoneal, es un hallazgo observado en diversas entidades patológicas, principalmente en enfermedades hepáticas y oncológicas. Los pacientes con cáncer desarrollan asicitis en un 15 a 50%. Los carcinomas de ovario, mama, endometrio, colon, estómago, páncreas y bronquios tienen una alta incidencia de ascitis. Su patogénesis involucra varios factores como son: elevación de la presión hidrostática, disminución de la presión coloido-osmótica, aumento en la permeabilidad capilar y escape de líquido a la cavidad peritoneal. El líquido de ascitis es analizado con fines diagnósticos (gradiente de albúmina sérica-ascítica, concentración de amilasa y triglicéridos; cuenta celular, cultivo y tinción de gram; pH, citología, determinación de glucosa y fibronectina) y terapéuticos; siendo de vital importancia la valoración clínica para el diagnóstico, apoyándonos en signos clásicos como son el abombamiento de los flancos, el signo de la ola, signo de efusión pleural, edema de miembros pélvicos, genitales, etc. Y en determinados casos será necesario el apoyo a través de estudios de gabinete para corroborar la presencia de líquido en cavidad abdominal. El tratamiento de esta entidad dependerá de su etiología. En pacientes no oncológicos la restricción de sal en la dieta y los esquemas de diuréticos dan buenos resultados. En pacientes oncológicos puede implementarse la quimioterapia intraperitoneal. Los casos refractarios o con escasa respuesta son candidatos a drenaje del líquido ascítico a través de múltiples técnicas como son la paracentesis clásica, paracentesis total, colocación de drenaje semi-permanente o permanente con o sin la ayuda de imagenología, cortocircuitos, etc., valorando previo procedimiento las condiciones globales del paciente para obtener un máximo beneficio con un mínimo riesgo. Se concluye que la ascitis de cualquier etiología comprende diversas alteraciones fisiopatológicas que han provocado la implementación de diversas modalidades de manejo tanto farmacológico como invasivas para el tratamiento eficaz de la misma

    ¿Es la Buprenorfina una buena opción en el manejo de dolor postoperatorio?

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    Background: Pain is one of the most feared outcomes of surgery by patients, yet current practices of pain management are suboptimal. Failure to address acute postoperative pain can have a variety of consequences that affect physical and psychological aspects of the patient. Current perioperative pain management normally consists of opioid therapy, which has been a mainstay for many years. However, use of opioids can have moderate risks, including nausea/vomiting, dizziness, and constipation, or more severe risks, including respiratory depression and immunosupression. Aim: In order to address some of the issues surrounding perioperative pain management, a group of key opinion leaders gathered at an international summit to analyze the current practices of perioperative pain management. One of the topics focused on buprenorphine's role in perioperative pain and the information discussed is presented throughout this article. Conclusion: Buprenorphine has been demonstrated to be effective and safe in many postoperative pain models. Its administration versatility, its manageable side effects, and its use in combination with other analgesics allow buprenorphine therapy to be successful in perioperative pain management.Antecedentes: El dolor es uno de los eventos más temidos por los pacientes después de una cirugía, y en la actualidad el manejo del dolor es subóptimo. La falta de control del dolor agudo postoperatorio puede tener una serie de consecuencias que afectan a los aspectos físicos y emocionales de los pacientes. El manejo habitual del dolor postoperatorio se basa en la utilización de opioides, pilar de tratamiento desde hace muchos años. Sin embargo, el uso de opioides puede tener riesgos moderados, como son las náuseas y vómitos, mareos y constipación, o riesgos más severos que incluyen a la inmunosupresión y depresión respiratoria. Objetivo: Para poder determinar algunos de los factores circundantes del dolor postoperatorio, se realizó una reunión cumbre internacional en la que un grupo de líderes de opinión analizó las prácticas habituales de manejo de dolor postoperatorio. Uno de los temas abordados fue el rol de la buprenorfina en el manejo del dolor perioperatorio, y la información discutida se presenta a lo largo de este artículo. Conclusión: La buprenorfina ha demostrado ser eficaz y segura en muchos modelos de dolor postoperatorio. Su versatilidad de administración, sus efectos secundarios manejables y su posibilidad de ser combinada con otros analgésicos hacen que la buprenorfina sea exitosa en el manejo del dolor perioperatorio
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