Healthcare utilization among aging Latvians with diminished activities of daily living : Ieva Reine

The population in Latvia is aging. Independence in performing activities of daily living (ADL) is a core aspect of functioning, and the elderly frequently experience limitations in functioning. Little is known about the utilization of healthcare of elderly Latvians with functional difficulties. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between functional difficulties and utilization of healthcare among the elderly in Latvia. This study had three overall objectives: (i) to investigate the determinants of utilization of health care for elderly Latvians with functional difficulties; (ii) examine the relationship between predisposing characteristics, enabling resources, and need with specific measures of access to care using the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations and to (iii) identify the nature and existence of health disparities among the elderly in Latvia, with and without functional difficulties. Data from the 2017 Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) survey, with a sample size of 1479 was utilized. There was a statistically significant difference in the utilization of healthcare between individuals with and without functional disabilities (F(4,1) =759.615, p < 0.01), with a higher utilization of healthcare among individuals with functional difficulties (p< .01). The results of Automatic Linear Modeling indicate that significant (p < 0.05) factors in predicting utilization of healthcare include factors such as age, public sickness benefit and disability pension, and overall health status. This study is significant because it fills critical gaps in knowledge that exist with respect to healthcare utilization for elderly Latvians with functional disabilities.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Multi-method analysis of gender differences in psychological distress among the elderly during COVID : Ieva Reine

As COVID swept through Europe, and the world, with high rates of illness and death, so did symptoms of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, stress, and psychological distress. This study examines the relationship between gender and psychological distress among Latvians over 50 years old within the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data from Wave 8 COVID-19 data of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) as an early data version of the SHARE Corona survey conducted between June and August 2020. It features the data collected by telephone (CATI) on topics related to COVID-19 for a large sub-sample of SHARE panel respondents. This study examined a sample of 980 adults over 50 years old in Latvia. Bivariate analysis were performed utilizing the Pearson chi-square test for association to examine differences in symptoms of psychological distress by gender during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Level of significance was determined by the p-value test statistic. Alpha level was established at .05. A chi-square test for association shows that there were statistically relationships between gender and feeling nervous (X2 (2, N = 976) = 22.11, p < .001), feeling depressed (X2 (3, N = 976) = 10.95, p < .01), and trouble sleeping (X2 (2, N = 976) = 20.40, p < .001). This study rejects the null hypothesis that no differences exist between the genders, as women reported greater psychological distress during the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional multi-method analysis is consistent with these findings and concludes that this is due to the greater concern women report for family, and the burden which placed limitations on meeting their children and grandchildren.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Axial and pseudoscalar current correlators and their couplings to eta and etaprime mesons

Correlators of singlet and octet axial currents, as well as anomaly and pseudoscalar densities have been studied using QCD sum rules. Several of these sum rules are used to determine the couplings f^8_eta, f^0_eta, f^8_etaprime and f^0_etaprime. We find mutually consistent values which are also in agreement with phenomenological values obtained from data on various decay and production rates. While most of the sum rules studied by us are independent of the contributions of direct instantons and screening correction, the singlet-singlet current correlator and the anomaly-anomaly correlator improve by their inclusion.Comment: 31 pages, 11 figure

Mechanically-adjustable and electrically-gated single-molecule transistors

We demonstrate a device geometry for single-molecule electronics experiments that combines both the ability to adjust the spacing between the electrodes mechanically and the ability to shift the energy levels in the molecule using a gate electrode. With the independent in-situ variations of molecular properties provided by these two experimental "knobs", we are able to achieve a much more detailed characterization of electron transport through the molecule than is possible with either technique separately. We illustrate the devices' performance using C60 molecules.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure

Catalytic transesterification of beta-ketoesters with zeolite H-FER under solvent free conditions

Zeolite H-FER catalyzes the transesterification of ??-ketoesters with variety of alcohols under solvent-less condition in excellent yields. The catalyst can be reused without any loss of activity. ?? ARKAT

Screening for fetal growth restriction with universal third trimester ultrasonography in nulliparous women in the Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction is a major determinant of adverse perinatal outcome. Screening procedures for fetal growth restriction need to identify small babies and then differentiate between those that are healthy and those that are pathologically small. We sought to determine the diagnostic effectiveness of universal ultrasonic fetal biometry in the third trimester as a screening test for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, and whether the risk of morbidity associated with being small differed in the presence or absence of ultrasonic markers of fetal growth restriction. METHODS: The Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study was a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women with a viable singleton pregnancy at the time of the dating ultrasound scan. Women participating had clinically indicated ultrasonography in the third trimester as per routine clinical care and these results were reported as usual (selective ultrasonography). Additionally, all participants had research ultrasonography, including fetal biometry at 28 and 36 weeks' gestational age. These results were not made available to participants or treating clinicians (universal ultrasonography). We regarded SGA as a birthweight of less than the 10th percentile for gestational age and screen positive for SGA an ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight of less than the 10th percentile for gestational age. Markers of fetal growth restriction included biometric ratios, utero-placental Doppler, and fetal growth velocity. We assessed outcomes for consenting participants who attended research scans and had a livebirth at the Rosie Hospital (Cambridge, UK) after the 28 weeks' research scan. FINDINGS: Between Jan 14, 2008, and July 31, 2012, 4512 women provided written informed consent of whom 3977 (88%) were eligible for analysis. Sensitivity for detection of SGA infants was 20% (95% CI 15-24; 69 of 352 fetuses) for selective ultrasonography and 57% (51-62; 199 of 352 fetuses) for universal ultrasonography (relative sensitivity 2·9, 95% CI 2·4-3·5, p<0·0001). Of the 3977 fetuses, 562 (14·1%) were identified by universal ultrasonography with an estimated fetal weight of less than the 10th percentile and were at an increased risk of neonatal morbidity (relative risk [RR] 1·60, 95% CI 1·22-2·09, p=0·0012). However, estimated fetal weight of less than the 10th percentile was only associated with the risk of neonatal morbidity (pinteraction=0·005) if the fetal abdominal circumference growth velocity was in the lowest decile (RR 3·9, 95% CI 1·9-8·1, p=0·0001). 172 (4%) of 3977 pregnancies had both an estimated fetal weight of less than the 10th percentile and abdominal circumference growth velocity in the lowest decile, and had a relative risk of delivering an SGA infant with neonatal morbidity of 17·6 (9·2-34·0, p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Screening of nulliparous women with universal third trimester fetal biometry roughly tripled detection of SGA infants. Combined analysis of fetal biometry and fetal growth velocity identified a subset of SGA fetuses that were at increased risk of neonatal morbidity. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research, Medical Research Council, Sands, and GE Healthcare.This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre and the Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Society. DP was supported by a Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Training Fellowship. IRW is supported by a MRC Unit Programme (number U105260558). GE Healthcare (Fairfield, CT, USA) donated two Voluson i ultrasound systems for this study. This study was also supported by the NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, where all visits at about 20, 28, and 36 weeks took place. No direct or indirectly supporting bodies for the project were involved in any aspect of preparation of this paper for publication. We thank the Perinatal Institute for providing a bulk calculator for customised percentiles of estimated fetal weight. We thank all the women who participated in the study, and all the staff in the Rosie Hospital (Cambridge, UK) and NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility who provided direct or indirect assistance for the study.This is the final published version of the article. It was originally published in The Lancet (Sovio U, White IR, Dacey A, Pasupathy D, Smith GCS, The Lancet, 2015, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00131-2). The final version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00131-2