Rancang Bangun Alat Karbonisasi Dengan Tinjauan Kinerja Alat Karbonisasi

Carbonization technology is one way to utilize waste biomass into alternative fuels where the carbonization process is still in a very traditional stage takes a lot of time and produce little. Carbonization convert solid biomass feedstock into charcoal. Carbonization equipment types used in this design is the electric carbonization. Carbonization tool designed feedstock capacity 3 kg with a power of 3.6 kW to use fire bricks type c-2 and using ceramic fiber insulation that has a high insulating value. This study aims to review the performance of the tool and determine the efficiency of the carbonization heat produced by the carbonization equipment and the efficiency of heat during the process of carbonization of coconut shell. Results of this study indicate, the value of thermal efficiency of 60.484%, while the coconut shell raw material of the highest heat efficiency is 61.73% and 33.65% efficiency terandah is the amount of heat that is lost versus heat input. This tool has a value carbonization free air convection at a high enough temperature at the outer wall due to high tool temperature than surrounding environment, it is used less because insulator thickness to contain the propagation of conduction from furnace. Carbonization chamber is capable of producing charcoal quality standards in the combustion temperature 6500 oC for 1hr burning with as much raw material which results rendemennya 1 kg of 50% of the raw material

Fermi energy dependence of first- and second-order Raman spectra in graphene: Kohn anomaly and quantum interference effect

Intensity of the first- and the second-order Raman spectra are calculated as a function of the Fermi energy. We show that the Kohn anomaly effect, i.e., phonon frequency renormalization, in the first-order Raman spectra originates from the phonon renormalization by the interband electron-hole excitation, whereas in the second-order Raman spectra, a competition between the interband and intraband electron-hole excitations takes place. By this calculation, we confirm the presence of different dispersive behaviors of the Raman peak frequency as a function of the Fermi energy for the first- and the second-order Raman spectra, as observed in experiments. Moreover, the calculated results of the Raman intensity sensitively depend on the Fermi energy for both the first- and the second-order Raman spectra. These results thus also show the importance of quantum interference effect phenomena.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure